ltr\ 

LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY   OP 
CALIFORNIA       J 


. 

A 


/ 


.. 


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THE 


STUDIES  AND  TEACHING 


TIME  OF  ITS  SUPPBESSION, 
1750-1773. 

«*2*«4>^ 

TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  FRENCH  OF 

M.  L'ABBE  MAYNAKD, 

HONORARY  CANON  OP  POITIERS?   PROFESSOR  OF  RHETORIC  AT  PONTLEVOY. 


B^LTIMO'RE: 
PUBLISHED  BY  JOHN  MURPHY  &  CO., 

No.  178  MARKET  STREET. 

LONDON :....C.  DOLMAN,  61  NEW  BOND  STREET. 
PITTSBURG : GEORGE  QUIGLEY. 

1855. 


LOAN  STACK 


yearlSM, 


ENTERED,  according  to  Act  o^  Congress,  in  the  year 

BT  JOHN   MURPHY   &   COMPANY, 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  Maryland. 


rtfw. 


THE  translator  deems  that  he  is  performing  a  good 
office  to  the  cause  of  truth,  in  laying  before  the 
American  public  the  facts  recorded  in  the  present 
work.  Every  day  is  the  Society  of  Jesus  assailed  by 
calumny,  libels  are  widely  circulated,  and  with  mali- 
cious ingenuity  is  history  perverted ;  but  rarely  is  a 
voice,  at  least  one  speaking  our  tongue,  raised  in  its 
defence,  and  with  difficulty  could  an  impartial  man 
obtain,  in  our  language,  a  statement  of  facts,  upon 
which  a  candid  and  dispassionate  judgment  could  be 
based. 

To  aid  in  disseminating  some  of  these  facts  has  been 
the  object  of  the  translator.  He  does  not  pledge  himself 
to  the  advocacy  of  every  opinion  expressed  by  the 
author.  In  the  controversy  which  originated  the 
present  work,  a  controversy  whose  existence  he  de- 
precates, he  does  not  in  any  manner  participate.  He 
would  not  have  been  induced  to  undertake  this  trans- 


940 


IV  PREFACE. 

lation,  had  he  not  regarded  the  discussion  with 
Father  Theiner  as  merely  incidental,  and  in  nowise 
affecting  the  value  of  the  facts  narrated. 

Even  in  times  like  the  present,  in  times  of  pre- 
judice and  fanaticism,  there  are  men  whose  nobleness 
of  soul  elevates  them  above  the  region  of  contending 
passions :  to  such  the  work  is  principally  addressed. 

For  the  loyal  Catholic  no  other  defence  of  the 
Society  of  Jesus  will  be  requisite,  than  to  remind 
him,  that  it  was  founded  with  the  Sanction  of  the 
Holy  See,  that  it  flourished  under  its  protecting  care, 
that,  though  suppressed,  it  never  was  condemned, 
even  by  the  Pope  who  suppressed  it,  that  after  an 
experience  of  the  void  occasioned  by  its  extinc- 
tion, the  Sovereign  Pontiff  recalled  it  to  life  at  the 
earnest  supplication,  and  with  the  unanimous  ap- 
plause of  the  Catholic  world.  No  one  then  can  be  a 
dutiful  son  of  the  Holy  See,  and  be  hostile  to  the 
Jesuits.  Still  it  would  be  satisfactory  to  every 
Catholic  inquirer,  it  is  sheer  justice  to  the  characters 
of  injured  men,  that  every  slanderer  should  be  re- 
buked, and  every  falsehood  encounter  a  crushing 
rejoinder.  But  how  reply  to  these  countless  attacks? 
The  time  and  patience  of  the  defender  will  be  spent, 
before  the  inventions  of  his  mendacious  opponents 
are  exhausted. 


PREFACE.  V 

It  seemed  to  the  translator,  that  the  Jesuits  should 
be  defended  particularly  in  their  capacity  of  teachers. 
That  they  might  discharge  the  duties  of  instruction 
was  the  primary  object  of  their  restoration :  teaching 
is  the  principal  end  of  their  Institute,  and  against 
them,  as  teachers,  the  storm  of  persecution  is  espe- 
cially directed.  Let  them  but  close  their  schools,  and 
the  strife  will  cease.  Louis  Philippe  and  his  govern- 
ment would  tolerate  them  as  simple  missionaries,  and 
permit  them  to  labor  in  Algeria :  the  German  Sove- 
reigns would  allow  them  to  preach,  and  to  administer 
the  sacraments,  and  Espartero  would  suffer  them  to 
exist  in  the  Philippines.  Does  not  every  one  see 
that  other  religious  orders  would  share  more  largely 
than  they  do  in  the  persecution  for  Christ's  sake, 
were  it  not  that  the  teaching  order  inspires  peculiar 
hatred,  and  excites  the  most  determined  opposi- 
tion ?  How  well  the  enemies  of  religion  appreciate 
the  truth,  so  clearly  seen  by  St.  Ignatius  of  Loyola, 
that  he  who  guides  the  youth,  directs  the  destinies 
of  the  man !  How  well  they  know,  that  upon  their 
success  in  perverting  education,  depends  the  accom- 
plishment of  their  object — the  triumph  of  error! 
Once,  already,  this  plan  has  succeeded:  with  what 
consequences,  the  bloody  pages  recording  the  aberra- 
tions of  the  past  generation  will  attest. 


VI  PREFACE. 

Thinking,  therefore,  that  as  teachers  the  Jesuits 
are  particularly  to  be  cherished  and  protected,  the 
diffusion  of  Abbe*  Maynard's  work  seemed  to  the 
translator  greatly  to  be  desired.  It  was  alleged, 
that  the  Society  of  Jesus,  at  the  time  of  its  suppres- 
sion, no  longer  produced  eminent  men ;  and  it  was 
said  (with  all  the  experience  of  modern  times  before 
us),  that  its  utility  had  ceased.  To  the  former 
charge  Abbe*  Maynard  replies,  by  reading  the 
roll  of  her  distinguished  children:  to  the  latter, 
by  pointing  out  the  mischievous  consequences  of 
the  suppression,  especially  in  Portugal  and  Ger- 
many. He  does  not  tell  us  of  those  flourishing 
missions  in  foreign  lands,  made  desolate  by  the  brief 
Dominus  ac  Redemptor:  he  does  not  narrate  the 
elation,  the  sanguine  hope  of  further  conquest,  con- 
ceived by  the  enemies  of  religion,  upon  obtaining  this 
their  first  victory.  These  topics  would  be  foreign  to 
his  thesis.  Nor  does  he  dilate  upon  the  results  of 
the  suppression  in  France ;  for  he  wrote  for  French- 
men, to  whom  all  he  could  teach  on  this  point  was 
already  familiar.  But  the  effects  of  the  suppression 
in  Germany  and  Portugal ;  the  dissemination  of  Jan- 
senistic  and  infidel  opinions ;  the  corruption  of  morals 
that  ensued :  these  were  subjects  not  before  touched 
upon — were  subjects  worthy  of  his  pen,  and  fruitful 


PREFACE.  Vii 

in  useful  lessons  for  the  lover  of  religion  and  social 
order. 

From  the  perusal  of  the  Abbe"s  work,  and  from  a 
diligent  consideration  of  the  facts  he  presents,  it  will 
be  manifest,  that  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to 
preserve  in  the  Church  a  body  of  teachers  capable  of 
giving  instruction  in  the  highest  branches  of  educa- 
tion, that  the  Jesuits  were  the  only  body  which  aimed 
at  fulfilling  these  duties,  that  to  the  discharge  of  them 
they  were  fully  competent. 

That  Catholic  education  is  necessary,  reason  evinces, 
experience  has  taught,  and  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  and 
the  Bishops,  many  of  whom  are  now  making  such 
strenuous  exertions,  and  undergoing  such  sacrifices  to 
erect  universities  and  colleges,  authoritatively  de- 
clare. But  single  colleges  and  universities  will  not 
satisfy  the  wants  of  Catholic  youth.  There  may  be 
isolated  institutions  perfectly  unobjectionable,  even 
highly  commendable.  To  mention  no  others,  one,  at 
least,  there  is  in  our  own  country — "  the  mother  of 
Bishops,"  of  edifying  priests,  of  highly  accomplished, 
and  truly  Catholic  laymen.  From  her  fair  fame, 
gained  by  so  many  services  rendered  to  Catholicity 
in  the  United  States,  no  advocate  of  the  Jesuits 
should,  even  by  inference,  detract.  The  translator 
would,  on  the  contrary,  join  his  feeble  voice  to  the 


Vlll  PREFACE. 

applause,  which  testifies  her  merit  and  success.  May 
Mount  St.  Mary's  College  ever  flourish,  venerable  in 
the  hallowed  recollections  she  inspires,  but  vigorous 
and  prolific  in  the  children  she  brings  forth !  But 
the  youth  of  our  Church  need  a  general  system  of 
education,  extending  through  all  countries,  perpetua- 
ting itself  with  the  Church,  which  shall  guarantee  the 
best  instruction,  religious  and  scientific,  and  afford 
the  best  moral  training.  This  truth  would  seem  ma- 
nifest. But  evidently  these  wants  cannot  be  supplied 
by  one  man,  however  gifted ;  by  one  institution,  how- 
ever distinguished :  evidently  there  is  required  a  body 
of  men,  whose  teachings  the  sanction  of  the  Church 
will  guarantee,  whose  multitude  will  admit  a  wide  ex- 
tension, whose  permanency  the  law  of  self-propagation 
will  insure.  Thus,  and  thus  only,  will  be  secured, 
extended  and  perpetuated,  integrity  of  doctrinal  and 
soundness  of  moral  education. 

In  such  a  body,  the  doctrines  maintained  and 
taught  do  not  depend  upon  the  whims  of  an  indivi- 
dual, do  not  change  with  the  changing  opinions  of 
the  times.  They  must  stand  the  test  of  experience, 
the  scrutiny  of  observers.  An  error  could  not  es- 
cape detection,  or  avoid  reprehension.  In  precisely 
the  same  manner  moral  discipline  is  guaranteed.  Its 
philosophical  opinions  may  not  harmonize  with  the  fa- 


PREFACE.  ix 

vorite  theory  of  every  individual ;  its  discipline  may 
be  too  indulgent  to  please  one,  too  austere  to  meet  the 
views  of  another ;  but  neither  can  be  supposed  to  be 
faulty,  as  long  as  both  can  appeal  to  the  sanction  of 
the  Pope,  and  the  approbation  of  the  hierarchy.  The 
general  system  of  teaching  being  thus  sanctioned  and 
approved,  a  particular  deviation  from  it  must  be  of 
rare  occurrence,  and  of  easy  correction  by  an  appeal 
to  the  constituted  authorities  of  the  order,  and  finally 
of  the  church  :  and  thus  education  is  secured  in  doc- 
trine and  in  morals,  as  far  as  human  means  can  se- 
cure it. 

Another  advantage  possessed  by  a  body  of  teachers, 
and  one  afterwards  alluded  to  in  the  work  itself,  is  the 
power  of  self-propagation.  Does  a  vacancy  in  the 
corps  of  professors  exist  ?  The  faculty  is  not  forced 
to  adopt  into  its  ranks  one  unknown,  untried  and  in- 
experienced. Teachers,  if  the  expression  be  allowed, 
cannot  be  extemporized.  But  able  recruits  are  to 
be  found  in  the  normal  schools,  which  are  forming  the 
future  professors.  The  new  teacher  enters  upon  his 
career  with  every  provision  to  secure  success  ;  he  does 
not  regard  his  duties  as  a  temporary  occupation,  until 
something  more  lucrative,  or  more  attractive  may  pre- 
sent itself ;  he  is  a  teacher  by  profession,  by  choice ; 
he  brings  with  him  no  self-seeking,  no  mercenary 


X  PREFACE. 

spirit ;  he  views  his  class  as  a  field  for  the  exertion  of 
his  zeal  to  the  greater  glory  of  God  and  the  salvation 
of  souls. 

Such  are  some  of  the  advantages  afforded  hy  a  cor- 
poration of  teachers,  advantages  not  to  be  found  in 
an  aggregation  of  men,  whose  sole  bond  of  unity  is 
the  accident  of  teaching  within  the  same  walls. 
These  advantages  were  and  are  now  afforded  by  the 
Society  of  Jesus.  It  was  and  is  the  only  body  which 
professes  as  its  peculiar  object  to  instruct,  throughout 
the  world,  Catholic  youth  in  the  highest  branches  of 
education. 

Such  a  body  then  should  be  cherished  and  pre- 
served, as  long  as  it  performs  its  duties  in  a  satisfac- 
tory manner.  Even  if  it  does  not  satisfy  the  antici- 
pations of  the  most  sanguine,  and  if  there  be  no  hope 
of  its  amelioration,  still  it  should  be  preserved,  until 
there  may  be  found  another,  and  an  abler  body, 
capable  of  superseding  it.  Not  that  the  author  con- 
cedes, or  that  the  friends  of  the  Jesuits  concede  that 
they  were,  at  any  time,  unable  to  fulfil  the  expecta- 
tions of  every  reasonable  man.  On  the  contrary,  he 
proves  that  up  to  the  time  of  the  suppression,  the 
Society  was  adorned  by  men  eminent  in  piety,  and  in 
every  intellectual  career.  For  this  proof,  the  reader 
is  confidently  referred  to  the  work  itself. 


PREFACE.  XI 

It  did  not  enter  into  the  plan  of  the  author  to  con- 
sider the  utility  and  necessity  of  Jesuit  teaching  since 
the  restoration.  But  surely  in  our  days,  and  in  the  pre- 
sent tendency  to  error  of  every  species,  to  principles 
subversive  of  all  religion  and  all  morality,  a  tendency 
perceptible  in  every  book,  in  every  public  journal ;  if 
at  any  time,  now  it  is  especially  necessary  to  use 
every  means  to  keep  pure  and  free  from  contamina- 
tion 4he  source,  whence  Catholic  youth  imbibe  religion 
and  education.  But  the  Society  of  Jesus  is  still  the 
only  body  of  religious  teachers,  which  fulfils  the  con- 
ditions already  laid  down ;  and  its  advocates  assert 
for  it  a  continued  competency  to  discharge  the  duty 
of  teaching,  not  only  in  a  satisfactory  manner,  but  so 
as  to  merit  admiration  and  praise.  For  the  men  of 
the  Society,  they  would  not  assert  an  invidious  su- 
periority, or  enter  into  any  unseemly  comparisons : 
but  they  may,  without  incurring  censure,  continue  the 
catalogue  of  distinguished  men,  by  adducing  the 
names  of  those  who  have  attained  celebrity,  posterior 
to  the  suppression. 

If  there  be  any  who  discriminate  between  the  an- 
cient Society  and  the  restored  Society,  who  elevate 
the  one  in  order  to  sink  the  other,  who,  amid  those 
incessant  conflicts  with  the  enemies  of  the  faith  in 
which  the  Jesuits  are  engaged,  have  no  word  of  en- 


Xll  PREFACE. 

couragement  to  offer,  but  depress  their  energies  and 
discourage  their  efforts, — for  the  Jesuits  are  men, — 
by  their  unjust  and  illiberal  insinuations ;  they  are 
appealed  to  in  the  name  of  candor  and  justice,  to  ex- 
amine, before  pronouncing  an  adverse  decision,  the 
peculiar  difficulties  with  which  the  restored  Society 
has  been  obliged  to  contend.  But  alas !  even  among 
those  who  should  be  their  friends,  there  are  some  who 
place  them  beyond  the  ordinary  rules  of  charity^  who 
mete  out  justice  to  all  the  world,  save  the  Jesuits.  Does 
a  single  Jesuit  offend  ?  the  whole  order  is  denounced. 
Is  there  a  deficiency  in  a  single  institution  ?  the  fault  is 
imputed  to  all.  Does  a  single  pupil  of  the  Jesuits  com- 
port himself  unbecomingly  ?  the  whole  system  is  con- 
demned ;  as  if  his  instructors  were  possessed  of  some 
magic  charm  to  influence  the  will,  as  if  Judas  had  not 
been  educated  in  the  school  of  Christ.  An  absolute 
decision  is  made  respecting  the  merits  of  the  order, 
without  any  inquiry  into  circumstances,  which  should 
be  weighed,  before  an  accurate  judgment  can  be 
formed. 

At  the  reorganization  of  the  Society,  a  number  of 
Colleges  were  confided  to  her  by  persons  whose 
solicitations  are  equivalent  to  commands;  thus  was 
greatly  impeded  the  education  of  the  first  generation. 
The  Society,  at  its  second  birth,  lacked  those  kind 


PREFACE.  Xlll 

and  generous  patrons  who  sustained  her  former  in- 
fancy :  admitted  into  few  countries  and  few  cities,  in 
still  fewer  finding  a  permanent  abode ;  occupying  but 
few  prominent  positions,  which  would  arouse  the 
latent  talent  of  her  members ;  fettered  by  vexatious 
restrictions  where  admitted;  and  by  the  various 
governments  checked  in  the  exercise  of  her  zeal ; 
her  Colleges  closed  in  France ;  from  Spain  expelled, 
and  expelled  again;  in  England,  Ireland  and  Hol- 
land, obliged  to  choose  between  an  unnoticed  exer- 
cise of  the  ministry  and  instantaneous  destruction ;  in 
our  own  country,  emerging  from  the  missionary  into 
the  college  life,  and,  in  consequence  of  the  paucity 
of  vocations  to  the  religious  state,  yet  struggling  for 
existence;  but  lately  exiled  from  what  seemed  her 
only  secure  asylum :  is  it  not  wonderful  that  the  So- 
ciety of  Jesus  has  been  able  to  bear  up  against  these 
difficulties,  which  might  well  appal  the  stoutest 
heart,  and  still  faithfully  acquit  herself  of  her  trust  ? 
Wherever  circumstances  have  rendered  it  possible 
to  observe  her  Institute,  for  her  members  to  pass 
through  their  long  religious  probations,  their  pro- 
tracted studies,  to  ascend  gradually  in  the  classes  as 
teachers ;  when  in  the  choice  of  careers,  she  could  be 
guided  by  the  abilities  of  the  individual,  without 
being  forced  to  yield  to  the  exigencies  of  the  occa- 

2 


XIV  PREPACK. 

sion ;  where  those  sage  rules,  which  have  extorted 
the  admiration  of  all,  might  be  scrupulously  followed  ; 
if  you  can  show  such  a  place,  and  show  that  there 
the  Society  of  Jesus  has  fallen  from  her  pristine 
glory,  then,  indeed,  she  will  have  cause  to  blush  for 
shame,  and  you  will  have  confounded  and  silenced 
those  who  attempt  her  advocacy. 

Let  every  candid  man  weigh  these  difficulties,  and 
will  he  not  confess  that  there  is  something  admirable, 
something  amazing  in  a  Society  that  could  resist 
them,  and  still  produce  men  who  have  acquired  a 
world-wide  reputation  ?  Ask  those  Prelates  who  were 
lately  gathered  together  at  Rome  to  witness  the 
triumph  of  Mary,  the  Immaculate,  in  that  venerable 
and  august  assemblage,  what  theologians  were  supe- 
rior to  the  Jesuits  Perrone,  Passaglia  and  Schrader  ? 
When  the  Holy  Father  had  returned  from  Gaeta,  and 
looked  around  for  fit  defenders  of  moral  and  religious 
truth ;  to  the  Society  of  Jesus  he  directed  his  gaze, 
and  the  course  of  the  Civiltii  Cattolica  has  not  proved 
that  his  confidence  was  misplaced.  Enter  into  the 
ecclesiastical  seminaries,  and  what  text  books  will  you 
find  in  the  hands  of  the  students  ?  In  theology  Gury, 
Perrone,  Passaglia,  Cercia,  Patrizi :  in  philosophy, 
Rothenflue,  Dmowski,  Liberatori,  and  Curci.  To  the 
philosophers,  add  Taparelli,  Rosaven,  Romano,  Chas- 


PREFACE.  XV 

tel ;  to  the  theologians,  Martin  :  recall  to  mind,  among 
men  of  letters,  the  elder  Secchi,  Bresciani,  Cahours, 
Daniel ;  among  men  of  science,  Pianciani ;  among 
historians,  Damberger,  the  continuators  of  the  Bollan- 
dists,  those  "monsters  of  erudition ;"  among  antiqua- 
rians, Marchi,  Lambillote,  Martin,  Cahier;  among 
mathematicians,  Carafia,  Turner,  Wallace ;  among 
astronomers,  De  Vico,  Sestini,  Secchi  the  younger, 
and  the  modest,  but  meritorious  Curley ;  among 
orators,  M'Carthy,  De  Ravignan,  Finetti,  Kenny  and 
Ryder ;  and  who  will  assert  that  the  series  of  great 
men  has  ended,  that  the  Society  of  Jesus,  the  mater 
felix  prole  virum,  has  become  effete  ?  Those  only  have 
been  enumerated,  whose  ability  is  publicly  known ; 
nor  is  the  enumeration  complete,  for  there  are 
biographical  dictionaries  of  the  present.  But  public 
fame,  let  it  be  remembered,  although  the  only  availa- 
ble, is  not  an  entirely  reliable  test  of  literary  and 
scientific  merit.  Few  acquainted  with  the  Jesuit 
Colleges  might  not  name  some  professor,  whose  humi- 
lity conceals  his  worth,  even  from  himself.  Many 
there  are  whose  reputation  is  confined  to  their  Col- 
lege ;  whose  obscure,  but  praiseworthy  exertions  are 
limited  to  the  school-room.  The  worldly  man,  whose 
sole  object  is  worldly  fame,  writes  books,  and  hires 
critics  to  praise  them.  The  religious  shrinks  from 


XVI  PREFACE. 

publicity,  and  with  reluctance  exposes  himself  to  the 
public  admiration,  only  when  and  where  obedience 
and  necessity  require.  The  duties  of  the  professor 
allow  little  time,  and  leave  little  spirit  for  further 
literary  toil.  Amid  the  numerous  members  of  the 
ancient  Society,  some  could  always  be  set  apart  for 
the  production  of  learned  works ;  but  in  the  restored 
Society,  the  paucity  of  members  and  the  multitude  of 
their  avocations  have  rarely  conceded  such  opportu- 
nities of  leisure.  The  same  Ratio  Studiorum  which 
gave  birth  to  the  illustrious  men  of  former  days,  modi- 
fied only  where  and  in  so  much  as  circumstances  have 
imperatively  demanded, — for  every  one  knows  the 
conservative  spirit  which  characterizes  all  religious 
orders,  and  the  Jesuits  not  the  least, — the  same  Ratio 
>rum  is  yet  in  use,  and  if  the  minds  of  men  are 
unchanged,  cannot  have  lost  its  former  efficacy. 

Considerations  such  as  these  convinced  the  Abbe* 
Maynard,  himself  unconnected  with  the  order,  of  the 
usefulness  of  the  Jesuits  as  teachers,  and  prompted 
him  to  raise  his  disinterested  voice  in  their  behalf. 
The  same  considerations  have  incited  him  who  so  in- 
sufficiently represents  him,  to  undertake  the  present 
version.  Would  that  it  had  fallen  into  abler  hands  ! 
But  the  translator  anticipates  that  he  himself  will  be 
shielded  from  animadversion  by  the  insignificance  of 


PREFACE.  XV11 

his  own  share  in  the  work,  and  hopes  that  abler  men 
may  be  admonished  of  the  necessity  of  laying  before 
our  countrymen,  in  an  ampler  manner,  the  facts  con- 
nected with  the  history  of  the  Jesuits,  and  of  refuting 
before  a  Protestant  public  the  slanders  to  which  they 
have  been  subjected. 

If  prognostics  do  not  deceive  the  most  judicious 
observers,  over  our  country  a  fearful  storm  is  brood- 
ing ;  a  terrible  ordeal  awaits  the  Church.  Of  the 
issue  what  Catholic  will  permit  himself  to  doubt? 
Our  Church  is  immortal,  Christ  himself  is  our  captain ; 
the  victory  is  certain  !  There  may  be  those  who  will 
fall  in  the  combat,  but  they  shall  fall  as  "  blessed 
martyrs;"  they  shall  fall,  feeling  in  the  plenitude  of 
the  consolation  vouchsafed  them,  that  to  fall  in  such 
a  cause  is  "  sweet  and  glorious."  In  Heaven  perennial 
garlands  are  weaving,  wherewith  he  who  so  falls 
shall  be  decked;  everlasting  crowns  are  preparing, 
wherewith  his  brow  shall  be  encircled.  It  is  per- 
mitted us  to  refresh  ourselves  with  the  hope  that 
when  the  storm  is  over,  the  clouds  dispersed,  and  a 
brighter  sun  shall  beam  down,  if  not  on  us,  on  our 
posterity  in  the  faith  ;  they  may  boast  of  martyred 
ancestors,  they  may  recount  their  heroic  deeds,  they 
may  gather  with  pious  veneration  around  their  shrines, 
they  may  invoke  their  intercession.  Do  you  smile  at 

2* 


XVlll  PRBFACE. 

these  anticipations  as  romantic,  do  you  deride  them 
as  an  enthusiast's  dream  ?  They  would  be  baseless, 
if  they  rested  on  human  valor,  or  human  firmness ;  if 
they  did  not  rest  upon  the  inexhaustible  merits  of 
Christ,  and  the  enduring  virtue  of  His  institutions. 

If  ever,  surely  now,  union  among  Catholics  is  de- 
sirable, is  indispensable.  The  present  is  no  time  for 
indulging  in  any  feelings  of  animosity,  any  bickering, 
any  petty  jealousy,  any  dissension  respecting  opinions, 
where  a  diversity  of  sentiment  is  permitted.  To 
hasten  the  victory,  to  insure  its  completeness,  to  en- 
hance the  brilliancy  of  the  remunerative  crown,  what 
more  necessary  than  united  exertion  ?  But  it  is  not 
sufficient  to  discard  intestine  feuds ;  our  hearts  should 
be  united,  equally  with  our  labors.  When  Cyrus  was 
preparing  to  march  his  host  against  the  Chaldean,  he 
enjoined  on  his  soldiers  the  duty  of  exhorting  each 
other,  and  as  they  marched,  words  of  encouragement 
flew  from  rank  to  rank.  In  the  approaching  contest, 
if  it  will  not  form  a  singular  exception,  it  may  be  an- 
ticipated that  the  Jesuits,  amid  the  Catholic  phalanx, 
will  sustain  the  brunt  of  the  attack.  An  open  oppo- 
nent is  sometimes  preferable  to  a  lukewarm  friend. 
Will  any  Catholic  soldier  be  so  lukewarm  in  the 
general  cause,  as  to  refuse  his  fellow-soldier  a  word 
of  sympathy,  of  encouragement,  of  support  ? 


PREFACE.  xix 

Or  if  the  forebodings  of  evil  prove  deceptive,  and 
no  general  war  menaces  our  faith,  still  the  sympathy, 
the  encouragement,  the  support  of  the  generous 
American  Catholic  are  needed  in  the  struggles  of  a 
Society,  which  has  never  known  a  lasting  calm,  in  her 
unceasing  endeavors  for  self-amelioration,  in  her  at- 
tempts to  recall  the  heroic  past,  in  her  exertions  to 
render  our  youth  upright  men,  and  fervent  Christians, 


MAY,  1855. 


Caih  0f  Contents. 


INTRODUCTION. 

1.  History  of  the  Pontificate  of  Clement  XIV.     How  re- 

ceived by  the  Catholic  Press,    .  .  .  .25 

2.  Leading  idea   of   the  history.       Accusations  directed 

against  the  scientific  acquirements  of  the  Jesuits,  and 
their  system  of  teaching,     ....  28 

3.  Passages  embodying  these  Charges,        .  .  .32 

4.  Their  Insufficiency,    .....  45 

5.  Plan  of  the  Present  Work,  .  .  .  .50 

CHAPTER  THE  FIRST. 

THE   JESUITS   IN   PORTUGAL. 

1.  Sketch  of  the  State  of  that  Kingdom,  .  .  54 

2.  Conduct  of  the  Jesuits  amid  the  Events  of  that  Epoch,  57 

3.  General  Causes  of  the  Decline  of  Portugal,        .  .  66 

4.  Causes  of  the  Literary  and  Scientific  Decline,          .  75 


XXll  TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  THE  SECOND. 

THE  JESUITS   IN   GERMANY. 

PAOE 

1.  State  of  the  Empire  at  the  Arrival  of  the  Jesuits,         .       89 

2.  Their  Conduct  in  it,    .  .  .  .  .  97 

3.  Its  Condition  at  the  time  of  their  Expulsion,      .  .113 

4.  National  Literature  of  Germany  in  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 

tury,   119 

CHAPTER  THE  THIRD. 

REFORMATION  OF  THE   UNIVERSITIES,  ITS   CAUSES   AND  ITS 
CONSEQUENCES.      (1753-1792.) 

1.  Reformation  of  the  University  of  Coimbra,          .  .    132 

2.  Reformation  of  the  German  Universities ;  its  Causes,        143 

3.  Its  Consequences,         .  .  .  .  .161 

CHAPTER  THE  FOURTH. 

SCIENTIFIC  CONDITION   OF  THE  JESUITS   AND  THEIR  SCHOOLS  AT 
THE  TIME   OF   THE  SUPPRESSION. 

PART  THE  FIRST. 

SCIENTIFIC   CONDITION   OP  THE  JESUITS. 

1.  Condition  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  at  the  Middle  of  the 

Eighteenth  Century,        .            .            .            .  .177 

2.  The  Jesuits  in  Sacred  Sciences,           ...  181 

3.  The  Jesuits  in  Mathematical  and  Natural  Sciences,  .    190 

4.  The  Jesuits  in  Philosophy  and  Literature,     .            .  196 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS.  XX111 

PAGE 

5.  The  Jesuits  in  the  Historical  Sciences,     .  .  .  219 

6.  The  Jesuit  Missionaries,         ....  223 

7.  The  Jesuits  in  the  Labors  of  the  Sacred  Ministry,          .  227 

8.  Were  all  these  Jesuits  Educated  after  the  Suppression  ?  228 

PART  THE  SECOND. 

SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION   OF   THE   SCHOOLS   CONFIDED   TO   THE 
SOCIETY  OF   JESUS. 

1.  Qualities  of  the  able  Professor;  that  these  are  to  be 

found  in  Jesuits,        .  .  .  .  .          230 

2.  Testimonies  of  their  Rivals  and  Adversaries,       .  .    234 

3.  Objections  founded  on  the  Conduct  of  Frederick  II.,  and 

of  Maria  Theresa,    .....          245 

4.  True  State  of  Jesuit  Instruction  in  the  Middle  of  the 

Eighteenth   Century.     Their   Universities,  their  Col- 
leges, their  Principal  Professors,  .  .  .    249 


anfr  feBi    0f 


1.  AN  unenviable  notoriety,  throughout 
Catholic  Europe,  has  been  already  attained 
by  Father  Theiner's  "  History  of  the  Pontifi- 
cate of  Clement  XIV." 

Heralded  as  a  work  of  profound  erudition, 
as  revealing  interesting  and  important  facts 
unrecorded  by  previous  historians,  it  was  at 
first  regarded  with  anxious  forebodings  by 
some  among  the  faithful,  who  feared  that 
they  should  be  forced  to  behold  in  the  garb 
of  criminals,  those  whom  they  had  been  ac- 
customed to  consider  the  victims  of  impiety, 
fraud,  and  wickedness.  Published  when 
minds  were  thus  excited,  and  attention  thus 
aroused,  it  was  hailed  with  malignant  joy  by 
those  whose  sad  occupation  it  is  to  combat  the 
Church  in  the  person  of  the  Jesuits ;  but  was 
received  with  solicitude  by  true  Christians, 


26  INTRODUCTION. 

who,  for  three  centuries,  had  understood  the 
meaning  of  their  disloyal  warfare. 

But  at  the  present  day  we  have  reason  to 
bless  that  Providence  which  permitted  Father 
Theiner's  publication.  The  concordant  opi- 
nion expressed  with  regard  to  it  by  the 
Catholic  press,  is  a  consoling  proof  of  the 
harmony  of  thought  and  sentiment,  which 
pervades  our  community.  Henceforth  we  can 
never  mistake  the  true  interests  of  the  Church ; 
it  will  be  impossible  to  induce  us  to  surrender 
to  the  wolves  those  who  have  ever  been  our 
guardians  and  defenders.  We  equally  value 
the  promises  and  the  threats  of  impiety;  it 
will  be  as  vain  to  hope  to  delude  us  by  the 
one,  as  to  terrify  us  by  the  other. 

We  have  not  been  so  unmindful  of  the 
teachings  of  history.  The  dreadful  tragedy 
of  the  eighteenth  century  has  been  represented 
before  our  eyes.  We  have  seen  its  com- 
mencement, its  entire  plot,  its  every  scene, 
its  fearful  catastrophe.  Of  this  plot  the  de- 
struction of  the  Society  of  Jesus  was  an  inci- 
dent. Ca/t,  as  our  fathers  were,  in  the  midst 
of  the  tragedy,  and,  as  usually  is  the  case, 
ignorant  of  its  drift,  not  admitted  into  the 
secret  of  its  contrivers, — thus  it  was  that 


INTRODUCTION.  27 

they  could  so  grievously  mistake  their  inten- 
tions, and  unwittingly  bear  a  part  in  the  hor- 
rible play.  But  for  us  to  be  so  deceived  would 
be  a  folly,  if  not  a  crime.  In  our  own  coun- 
try, and  but  a  few  years  since,  did  we  not  see 
re-enacted  the  spectacles  of  1769  and  1773  ? 
With  the  sole  exception  of  the  catastrophe, 
have  we  not  seen  reproduced  every  phase  of 
the  war  against  the  Jesuits,  even  to  new  at- 
tempts made  to  extort  from  the  Pope  another 
brief  of  suppression  ? 

Among  us,  then,  Father  Theiner,  willing  as 
he  undoubtedly  would  be,  in  a  recurrence  of  the 
same  circumstances,  to  renew  the  sacrifice  of 
the  Jesuits — among  us  he  will  find  neither 
dupes,  nor  accomplices.  This  book,  of  itself, 
with  all  its  candid  avowals,  its  perpetually 
repeated  contradictions,  would  deter  us  from 
co-operating  in  such  a  deed,  as  it  also  forbids 
us  to  subscribe  to  the  former  condemnation  of 
the  Jesuits,  and  to  the  act  of  indemnity,  and 
particularly  to  the  eulogies  heaped  upon  their 
executioners,  the  hangmen  of  the  infidel  philo- 
sophy. 

It  is  not  our  design  to  write  a  complete 
refutation  of  Father  Theiner's  book,  but  to 
discuss  certain  points,  which  seem  deserving 


28  INTRODUCTION. 

of  special  attention.  For  the  sake  of  a  clearer 
understanding  of  the  state  of  the  question,  let 
us  recall  to  mind  the  leading  idea  of  his  work, 
the  seminal  principle  from  which  it  was 
evolved. 

2.  The  History  of  the  Pontificate  of  Cle- 
ment XIV  is  not  a  panegyric  on  that  Pontiff, 
but  an  attack  on  M.  Cre*tineau-Joly,  and  the 
men  to  whose  defence  he  has  devoted  his  pen. 
This  opinion  we  have  formed  after  a  dili- 
gent study  of  the  facts  connected  with  the 
controversy.  To  rid  himself,  for  the  future, 
of  M.  Cre*tineau-Joly's  embarrassing  disclo- 
sures, he  has  sought  to  discredit  his  past 
literary  labors,  and  thus  endeavored  in  ad- 
vance to  deprive  his  future  publications  of  all 
historical  value. 

Among  the  former,  there  was  one  that  had 
afforded  an  occasion  to  many  scandals,  and 
had  proved  particularly  troublesome  to  those, 
who  were  prepared  to  renew,  at  a  given  signal, 
the  campaign  of  1769  ;  we  allude  to  his  "Cle- 
ment XIV  and  the  Jesuits,"  published  in  1847. 
Against  it  Father  Theiner  determined  to 
direct  his  blows,  and  thenceforth  it  became 
his  chief  object,  not  to  exculpate  the  Pope, 
but  to  disparage  M.  Cre*tineau-Joly;  and  hence 


INTRODUCTION.  29 

his  work,  written  under  the  influence  of  this 
resolution,  proves  to  be,  not  an  impartial  his- 
tory, but  an  ingenious  example  of  special 
pleading.  To  defend  the  Jesuits,  M.  Creti- 
neau-Joly  had  attacked  the  Pope ;  to  defend 
the  Pope,  Father  Theiner  will  attack  the 
Jesuits.  Yes,  notwithstanding  all  protesta- 
tions to  the  contrary,  against  the  Jesuits,  and 
by  consequence  against  M.  Cretineau-Joly, 
does  Father  Theiner  direct  his  blows.  For 
had  his  sole  design  been  to  shield  Clement 
XIV,  and  to  refute  all  false  and  exaggerated 
statements  made  against  that  Pontiff,  would 
he  have  thus  filled  his  pages  with  the  most 
perfidious  insinuations  against  the  Society  of 
Jesus  ? 

As  we  have  remarked  elsewhere,  to  prove 
that  the  Pope,  in  the  plenitude  of  his  power, 
had  a  right  to  sacrifice  the  Jesuits,  it  is  by  no 
means  necessary  to  establish  their  culpability. 
It  suffices  to  concede  that  he  was  the  victim 
of  a  deception,  which  the  unhappy  circum- 
stances of  the  times  will  abundantly  explain, 
that  he  thought  their  immolation  necessary  in 
the  existing  exigencies  of  the  Church.  But 
this  plan  of  defence  did  not  satisfy  the  Father 
Theiner,  who  must  erect  his  apology  on  the 

3* 


30  INTRODUCTION. 

disgrace  of  the  Jesuits.  In  fact  he  is  con- 
stantly endeavoring  to  prove  that  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  Society  was  then  well-timed,  was 
legitimate,  was  even  requisite.  With  this 
object  in  view,  he  omits  no  opportunity,  he 
neglects  no  means  of  representing  them  as 
having  degenerated  from  their  early  glory, 
nay,  sometimes,  as  even  meriting  positive 
blame.  Father  Theiner  has  therefore  drawn 
up  against  the  Society  a  formal  indictment,  in 
order  to  show  from  it  that  Clement  XIV,  in 
the  suppression,  acted  only  in  accordance  with 
the  inspiration  of  God,  with  the  dictates  of 
his  conscience,  and  from  a  desire  to  procure 
the  greatest  good  of  the  Church,  and  did  not 
yield,  as  M.  Cr6tineau-Joly  maintains,  to  the 
urgent  demands  of  the  shortsighted  Bourbon 
Courts,  or  to  the  weakness  of  his  own  cha- 
racter. 

But  on  what  basis  will  this  new  accuser  of 
the  Jesuits  found  his  charge  ?  He  could  not 
say  that  they  had  swerved  from  the  primitive 
observance  of  their  institute,  when  the  cry  has 
always  been  that  they  were  too  faithful  to  it; 
when  the  courts,  before  they  had  acquired 
sufficient  audacity  to  demand  a  suppression, 
contented  themselves  with  requiring  a  modi- 


INTRODUCTION.  31 

fication  in  their  rules.  And  how,  on  the  other 
hand,  cast  a  suspicion  on  their  morals,  which 
even  their  most  virulent  enemies  admit  to  be 
above  reproach  ?  In  fine,  as  a  Priest  and  as 
an  Oratorian,  he  could  not  make  use  of  certain 
arguments  of  later  date,  which  are  equally 
stringent  against  all  religious  orders ;  he  could 
not  declaim  against  the  relaxed  principles  of 
their  moral  Theology ;  he  could  not  recur  to 
so  many  falsehoods,  whose  parentage  is  so 
shameful,  nor  rob  the  Protestants,  the  Jansen- 
ists  and  the  Parliament-men,  of  slanders  which 
are  their  property,  nor  revamp  the  worn-out 
calumnies  of  the  Morale  pratique  des  Jesuites, 
and  the  Extraits  des  Assertions.  Yet  it  must 
be  confessed  that  he  does  sometimes  draw  on 
these  vast  repertories  of  mendacity ;  but  what 
he  borrows,  he  qualifies  with  an  on-dit,  and 
whilst  he  disdains  not  the  aid  of  the  arrows, 
which  were  rusting  in  the  armories  of  the 
anti-christian  philosophy,  he  seems  to  blush 
at  using  them  himself,  and  on  such  occasion 
discharges  his  shafts  through  the  instrumen- 
tality of  others. 

In  what,  then,  does  his  system  consist? 
He  depreciates  the  learning  of  the  Jesuits",  he 
decries  their  method  of  teaching,  he  under- 


32  INTRODUCTION. 

rates  their  success,  and  concludes,  that  they 
had  become  useless  to  the  interests  of  science ; 
that  education  had  suffered  in  their  hands, 
that  the  youth  issued  from  their  colleges  un- 
shielded against  the  assaults  of  error,  and  in- 
sufficiently armed  to  make  a  brilliant  defence 
of  their  faith,  whether  their  lot  was  cast  in  the 
world,  or  whether  they  took  their  station 
amid  the  ranks  of  the  clergy.  But  let  us 
allow  him  to  speak  for  himself,  and  we  shall 
then  reduce  his  accusations  to  certain  prin- 
cipal points. 

3.  When  treating  of  the  war  waged  by  the 
King  of  Portugal  against  the  Society  of  Jesus, 
Father  Theiner  says  :  "  Joseph  de  Seabra  de 
Sylva,  a  learned  and  able  advocate,  and  a 
counsellor  for  the  crown,  undertook  the  justi- 
fication of  his  master's  proceedings.  This 
justification  was  prefaced  by  an  historical 
sketch  of  the  influence  exerted  by  the  Jesuits, 
from  their  entrance  into  Portugal  until  their 
expulsion,  over  the  church,  over  society,  over 
the  sciences,  and,  finally,  over  the  state  itself. 
This  is  perhaps  the  most  important  work 
ever  published  against  the  Society  of  Jesus.* 

*  Its  title  is :  "  Deduzione  Cronologica/'  &c.  It  is  directed 
as  much  against  the  Church  as  against  the  Society.     In  it 


INTRODUCTION.  33 

Though  full  of  fabrications  and  of  the  vilest 
falsehoods,  it  contains  charges,  whose  complete 
refutation  would  be  no  easy  task.  Seabra 
assails  the  Society  at  its  most  vulnerable 
point,  and  essays  to  demonstrate,  that,  instead 
of  promoting  the  advancement  of  the  sciences, 
it  restrained  the  lofty  flight,  in  which,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century,  they  had 
commenced  to  soar.  To  substantiate  this  ex- 
aggerated charge,  he  enumerates  the  profound 
theologians  who  reflected  such  lustre  upon  the 
Council  of  Trent,  and  who,  by  their  piety  and 
learning,  edified  and  astonished  the  Fathers  of 
that  holy  assembly.  '  Portugal,'  adds  he, 
'  from  the  time  the  Jesuits  usurped  educa- 
tion and  invaded  the  Universities  of  Evora 
and  Lisbon,  and  every  where  expelled  the  secu- 
lar clergy  from  the  professorships  in  the  higher 
departments  of  Theology;  among  the  latter, 
and  especially  among  the  prelates  and  the 
bishops,  Portugal  has  not  produced  a  single  theo- 
logian of  note.  Since  that  time,  all  the  learned 
men  are  to  be  found  among  the  Jesuits,  and, 

the  most  furious  enemies  of  the  Holy  See  are  com- 
mended as  most  religious  men,  as  the  wise  deliverers  of 
the  human  race,  &c.  And  it  is  to  such  a  source  Father 
Theiner  hesitates  not  to  recur ! 


34  INTRODUCTION. 

consequently,  their  services  have  been  of  little 
avail  to  the  church,  to  the  sciences,  and  to  the 
state.  This  fact  exhibits  the  great  decline  of 
the  sciences  up  to  the  time  when  the  Jesuits 
were  banished  from  Portugal.'  "* 

It  is  evident  that  Father  Theiner  adopts 
the  charges  of  Seabra,  and  only  in  order  to 
avoid  the  odium,  speaks  by  the  mouth  of  an- 
other, and  appends  some  slight  palliatives. 
With  another  onrdil,  his  ordinary  qualification, 
he  introduces  a  like  accusation  against  the 
Society  in  Spain :  "  Charles  III,"  he  says, 
"was  deeply  interested  in  the  progress  of 
science,  and  favored  with  his  especial  patron- 
age the  Universities  of  Alcala,  Salamanca,  and 
Valladolid,  once  so  flourishing,  but  now,  it 
was  said  (di«ait-<m)  sensibly  declining  from 
their  ancient  splendor.  These  colleges  under- 
went a  thorough  reform,  and  their  course  of 
studies  was  remodelled."-)- 

Blessings  on  that  particle  on,  M.  de  Maistre 
would  here  exclaim,  which  lends  itself  so  com- 
pluisantly  to  all  kinds  of  calumnious  insinua- 
tions and  vile  falsehoods,  and  so  obligingly 
assumes  the  full  responsibility. 

*  Tom.  i,  p,  93,  94.  f  Tom.  ii,  p.  190. 


INTRODUCTION.  35 

But  Father  Theiner  sometimes  takes  cour- 
age and  wars  in  person,  face  to  face,  without 
weakly  hiding  himself  behind  a  Seabra,  or 
shielding  himself  with  the  vagueness  of  an  on. 
Thus,  resuming  the  subject  of  Portugal,  and 
the  miscalled  reform  inaugurated  by  Pombal, 
he  makes  his  own  all  the  charges  already 
urged  by  the  attorney  of  Joseph  I :  "  The 
genius  of  Pombal  was  meanwhile  worthily  oc- 
cupied in  resuscitating  the  sacred  and  profane 
sciences,  whose  cultivation  had  been  so  shame- 
fully neglected.  The  University  of  Coimbra 
received  a  form  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the 
age,  and  was  also  otherwise  improved.  The 
execution  of  this  important  measure  was  com- 
mitted by  the  king  to  the  minister  and  to  the 
Council  of  Censure,  over  which  Cardinal  da 
Cunha  presided,  who  with  the  entire  approba- 
tion of  the  Apostolic  Nuncio,  engaged  in  the 
glorious  work  of  the  scientific  and  literary 
regeneration  of  Portugal."* 

It  was  not  only  in  Portugal  and  in  Spain 
that  the  Jesuits  proved  faithless  to  their  glori- 
ous mission,  and  allowed  science  and  litera- 
ture, intrusted  to  their  care,  to  decay  and 

*  Tom.  ii,  pp.  190, 191. 


36  INTRODUCTION. 

perish.  According  to  Father  Theiner,  the 
same  decline  was  visible  in  all  of  their  educa- 
tional institutions.  Thus,  in  1769,  Maximi- 
lian Frederick,  Archbishop  and  Elector  of 
Cologne,  was  meditating  the  foundation,  at 
Mu nster,  of  a  Seminary  and  University  for 
the  education  of  the  clergy  and  the  Catholic 
youth.  "  Such  institutions  were  urgently 
called  for.  Whenever  the  youth  of  the  higher 
and  wealthier  classes  were  desirous  of  acquir- 
ing an  ampler  education,  they  were  obliged  to 
frequent  the  Protestant  Universities,  or  to 
travel  a  great  distance  to  obtain  the  advan- 
tages of  Catholic  instruction ;  but  of  this  re- 
source the  more  indigent  were  necessarily  de- 
prived. The  Protestant  Universities,  too, 
were  especially  dangerous  to  their  faith,  at  a 
time  when  infidelity  and  rationalism  were  so 
prevalent.  At  Paderborn,  indeed,  the  Jesuits 
had,  what  was  termed,  a  University,  but  this 
as  well  as  their  other  German  establishments, 
was  no  longer  capable  of  satisfying  the  de- 
mand for  a  more  extensive  instruction.  Be- 
sides, it  was  devoted  to  theology,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  history,  classical  literature,  the  ancient 
languages,  botany,  medicine,  law,  political 
economy,  and  other  similar  pursuits,  all  of 


INTRODUCTION.  37 

which  were  prosecuted  by  the  Protestants  with 
distinguished  success.  This  prince  of  the 
Church  (the  Archbishop  of  Cologne),  has  an- 
other title  to  the  gratitude  of  the  Catholics  of 
Germany,  that  he  was  the  first  who  sought  to 
supply  this  deficiency  and  restore  Catholic 
science  to  its  former  elevated  standard." 

But  another  institution  was  found  necessary 
for  the  eradication  of  this  deeply  rooted  evil. 
"  The  secular  clergy,  though  educated  exclu- 
sively by  the  Jesuits,  were  debased  to  a  mar- 
vellous degree  of  ignorance.  The  faithful 
guardian  of  the  fold  showed  his  usual  vigi- 
lance. A  Seminary  is  established  at  Cologne 
to  perfect  the  future  clergy  in  piety  and  learn- 
ing."* 

"  In  Germany  the  reformation  of  clerical 
studies  engaged  universal  attention,  for,  it  was 
asserted  [here  occurs  again  the  convenient 
particle  oft],  that  the  education  imparted  by 
the  Jesuits  was  very  defective,  and  was  insuf- 
ficient for  the  times,  and  the  advanced  state 
of  science."f  "In  imitation,  therefore,  of  the 
Archbishop  of  Cologne,  the  Duke  of  Bavaria 
designed  the  erection  of  a  Seminary  at  Ebers- 

*  Tom.  i,  pp.  297,  298.  f  Tom-  'l>  P-  423- 


38  INTRODUCTION. 

berg,  in  which  might  be  formed  priests,  preach- 
ers, professors,  catechists,  and  other  ministers 
of  religion."*  And  yet  the  same  Elector  of 
Bavaria,  who  was  so  deeply  interested  in  the 
welfare  of  religion,  was  at  this  very  time,  as 
Father  Theiner  himself  shortly  after  informs 
us,  meditating  a  rupture  with  Rome,  and  the 
introduction  of  pernicious  novelties  into  the 
discipline  and  the  constitution  of  the  Church ; 
and  for  this  object  undoubtedly  did  find  Jesuit 
education  very  insufficient.  If  by  the  neces- 
sities of  the  times  we  are  to  understand  the 
necessities  of  the  schism  then  planned  in  Ger- 
many, in  this  respect,  we  admit,  it  was  very 
defective. 

The  Society  of  Jesus  is  destroyed;  but 
Frederick  II,  of  Prussia,  and  Catharine  II, 
of  Russia,  forbid  the  publication  and  execution 
of  the  brief,  Dominus  ac  Redemptor.  Among 
the  motives  that  induced  these  sovereigns  to 
preserve  the  children  of  St.  Ignatius  in  their 
realms,  the  chief  was  the  need  of  ecclesiastics 
competent  to  instruct  youth.  It  would  seem 
that  nothing  could  be  more  honorable  to  the 
Jesuits  than  the  reason  alleged ;  yet  see  how 
ingeniously  Father  Theiner  turns  it  to  their 

*  Tom.  i,  p.  423. 


INTRODUCTION.  39 

disadvantage.  "It  is  with  regret,"  says  he, 
"  that  we  are  forced  to  concede  that  the  rea- 
son was  well-founded;  but  ...  it  was 
at  the  same  time  the  severest  reproach  that 
could  be  addressed  to  the  Jesuits,  and  espe- 
cially those  of  Germany.  There  Catholic 
education,  secular  and  ecclesiastic,  had  been 
intrusted  entirely  to  them.  Why  had  they 
not  formed  men  capable  of  succeeding  them, 
or  at  least  of  participating  with  them  in  the 
office  of  instruction  ?  Not  the  enemies,  but 
the  sincere  friends  of  the  Society  of  Jesus 
call  for  an  explanation  of  this  historical  fact. 
When  the  Jesuits  entered  Germany,  they 
found  there  illustrious  theologians,  who  were 
victoriously  combating  the  pretended  refor- 
mation ;  how  then  does  it  come  to  pass,  that 
when,  by  a  particular  disposition  of  Divine 
Providence,  they  are  compelled  to  abandon 
Germany,  they  leave  not  one  behind  them. 
Since  the  sixteenth  century,  that  is,  coinci- 
dent with  their  exclusive  employment  as  pro- 
fessors, not  a  country  in  the  Christian  world 
has  been  so  barren  as  Germany,  in  writers  of 
reputation  among  the  secular  clergy.  The 
Society  itself  can  boast  of  Jesuits  of  great 
renown;  its  labors  in  Germany  have  been 


40  INTRODUCTION. 

attended  by  the  benedictions  of  Heaven,  and 
followed  by  great  success;  for  two  centuries 
it  opposed  an  insurmountable  barrier  to  the 
impetuous  torrent  of  the  Reformation ;  this 
we  concede,  but  nevertheless,  it  remains  true, 
that  it  produced,  among  the  secular  clergy, 
few  really  remarkable  men  ;  we  can  scarcely 
mention  one. 

"  In  the  Empire,  too,  still  more  visibly  than 
in  France,  Italy,  Spain,  and  Portugal,  the 
Jesuits  had,  to  a  great  degree,  lost  their  pri- 
.mitive  vigor.  Their  colleges  had  fallen  from 
their  ancient  glory,  and  among  their  profes- 
sors, they  could  no  longer  point  out  any  dis- 
tinguished men.  When  Frederick  II  entered 
Silesia,  he  entertained  a  high  esteem  for  the 
Jesuits ;  but  he  was  not  a  little  disappointed 
to  find  that  the  professors  in  their  universities 
and  in  the  colleges  directed  by  them  at  Bres- 
lau,  were  men  of  mediocrity,  and  on  that 
account,  he  required  the  rector  and  the  Car- 
dinal Prince-Bishop  to  send  to  France  and 
Italy,  for  Jesuits  who  were  competent  to 
teach.  Everywhere  through  Austria  were 
heard  loud  complaints  of  the  decay  of  their 
institutions.  Even  Maria  Theresa,  who  was 
by  no  means  unfavorable  to  them,  saw  herself, 


INTRODUCTION.  41 

in  1759,  obliged  to  seek  a  remedy,  and  in  the 
University  of  Vienna,  until  then  under  their 
exclusive  control,  by  a  decree  of  the  10th  of 
September,  she  deprived  them  of  many  im- 
portant professorships  in  the  theological  de- 
partment, together  with  those  of  logic,  ethics, 
metaphysics,  and  history,  and  confided  them 
partly  to  secular  clergymen,  and  partly  to 
religious  of  various  orders.  The  Catholic 
University  of  Munster,  in  Westphalia,  founded 
by  the  Archbishop  Elector  of  Cologne  and 
Clement  XIV,  had  for  its  object,  as  we  have 
seen,  to  supply  in  ecclesiastical  education 
deficiencies,  which  still  gave  rise  to  complaint. 
If  the  ecclesiastical  revolution,  which,  in  1760, 
had  already  made  such  ravages  on  Catholic 
soil  in  Germany,  has  since  that  time  advanced 
with  such  rapidity,  the  cause  is  to  be  found 
in  this  decline  of  learning  among  the  secular 
clergy.  This  revolution  the  Jesuits  beheld 
in  its  incipient  stages,  but  they  had  lost  the 
vigor  necessary  to  encounter  it;  they  could 
not  arrest,  still  less  could  they  vanquish  it. 
To  insure  a  wide-spread  triumph  it  only 
needed  a  hand  to  burst  its  shackles.  That 
office  was  performed  by  Joseph  II,  who  after 
the  death  of  his  pious  mother,  put  himself  at 

4* 


42  INTRODUCTION. 

the  head  of  the  irreligious  movement.  It  is 
indeed  deplorable,  that  this  decline  of  Catho- 
lic learning  should  occur  at  a  time,  when 
Protestant  science,  and  especially  theology, 
essayed  so  bold  a  flight,  when  it  exhibited  so 
much  literary  vitality,  and  when,  by  its  ten- 
dency to  rationalism,  it  endangered  not  only 
Catholicity,  but  Protestantism  itself,  and  in 
fact  all  positive  Christianity.  This  terrible 
revolution  came  on,  when  the  clergy  had  not 
foreseen,  and  were  incapable  of  resisting  it. 
What  wonder  then  that  some  should  have 
been  hurried  into  the  vortex,  and  that  the 
Catholic  theologians  of  the  time,  whose  duty 
it  was  to  form  themselves  by  their  own  exer- 
tions, should  have  suffered  themselves  to  be 
dazzled  by  the  false  and  deceptive  science  of 
Protestant  theologians,  and  should  have 
thrown  themselves,  so  to  say,  in  their  arms. 

"  But  we  shall  no  longer  fix  our  gaze  on  this 
mournful  picture  of  the  condition  of  the  clergy, 
particularly  in  Germany,  at  the  date  of  the 
suppression.  The  sight  will  produce  in  them 
too  vivid  a  remembrance  of  former  degrada- 
tion ;  and  it  would  also  be  cruelly  painful  to 
a  Society,  otherwise  so  respectable,  and  so  well 
deserving  of  the  Church.  We  shall  not  pur- 


INTRODUCTION.  43 

sue  the  investigation,  why  the  Catholics,  dur- 
ing half  of  the  preceding  century,  can  claim 
no  share  in  the  glory  of  our  national  literature. 
That  glory,  we  confess  it  with  shame,  has  been 
engrossed  by  Protestants,  and,  during  the 
epoch  of  which  we  speak,  we  Catholics  have 
not  contributed  to  it  the  labors  of  a  single 
poet.  But  let  it  suffice  to  have  alluded  to  our 
past  humiliation.  Let  us  be  grateful  that  the 
secular  clergy  of  Germany,  after  having  passed 
through  the  harsh  school  of  experience,  of  hu- 
miliation, of  wandering,  have  now,  for  more 
than  twenty  years,  held  their  former  lofty 
position,  and  are  able,  at  the  present  day,  not 
only  to  engage  in  combat  with  Protestant 
science,  but  even  to  dispute  its  claim  to  pre- 
eminence. Nor  were  the  Jesuits  themselves, 
at  the  time  of  the  suppression,  exempt  from 
the  general  scientific  inferiority.  Those  who, 
towards  the  end  of  the  past  century  and  the 
beginning  of  the  present,  had  attained  distinc- 
tion in  the  domains  of  science,  were,  with  few 
exceptions,  formed  after  the  abolition  of  their 
order.  It  is,  then,  to  be  regretted  that  the 
Jesuits  and  their  friends,  particularly  in  France 
and  Italy,  are,  even  in  our  times,  constantly 
reiterating  such  exaggerated  statements  with 


44  INTRODUCTION. 

respect  to  their  imaginary  greatness  at  the 
date  of  the  suppression.  Such  hyperboles 
cannot  fail  to  injure  the  Society  in  the  opinion 
of  men  of  information."* 

Our  extracts  sufficiently  explain  Father 
Theiner's  tactics,  in  his  "  History  of  the  Ponti- 
ficate of  Clement  XIV."  He  incriminates  the 
victim  in  order  to  exonerate  the  executioners 
and  the  Pope,  who  unwittingly  became  the 
tool  for  the  gratification  of  their  spleen  and 
the  accomplishment  of  their  nefarious  schemes. 
Of  all  the  accusations  embraced  in  his  lengthy 
pleading,  two  only  are  capable  of  making  any 
impression  on  a  thoughtful  mind  :  one  is  di- 
rected against  the  conduct  of  the  Jesuits  after 
the  suppression,  and  seeks  to  rob  them  of  a 
glory,  conceded  by  their  most  cruel  enemies, 
the  glory  of  an  heroic  submission  to  the  Holy 
See,  in  order  to  discover  some  excuse,  though 
this  cause  would  be  posterior  in  existence  to 
its  effect,  for  the  violent  measures  adopted  in 
their  regard  ;  the  second  is  that  which  we 
have  just  allowed  him  to  state  for  himself,  and 
to  develop  at  length.  To  the  first  we  may 
at  some  time  return,  and  seek  to  restore  to 

*  Tom.  ii,  p.  404-406. 


INTRODUCTION.  45 

the  Jesuits  the  crown  of  submission  and  obe- 
dience which  he  has  endeavored  to  pluck  from 
their  brows ;  but,  for  the  present,  we  shall 
confine  ourselves  to  the  discussion  of  the  lite- 
rary and  scientific  deterioration,  wherewith  he 
charges  them.  No  accusation,  as  we  have 
seen,  comes  more  constantly  from  his  pen ;  he 
returns  to  it  again  and  again;  he  dilates  on  it 
with  perceptible  satisfaction,  we  might  say 
with  a  sort  of  malicious  joy.  Howsoever  spe- 
cious it  may  appear  to  a  certain  class  of  read- 
ers, we  are  unwilling  to  impair  its  strength, 
^and  we  have  therefore  given  at  length  the 
pages  in  which  it  is  contained. 

4.  The  accusation  itself  might  be  easily  dis- 
posed of,  simply  by  transmitting  it.  For, 
should  we  even  grant  to  Father  Theiner,  that, 
in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the 
scientific  and  literary  glory  of  the  Jesuits  had 
grown  dim,  from  this  admission  what  conse- 
quences could  be  drawn  at  all  favorable  to  the 
proposition  he  strives  to  maintain  ?  His  ob- 
ject is  to  prove  that  the  suppression  of  the 
order  was  at  that  time  opportune  and  even 
necessary.  Does  one,  then,  deserve  to  be  sub- 
jected to  pillage,  proscription,  death,  merely 
because  he  has  not  preserved  the  elevation  of 


46  INTRODUCTION. 

a  lofty  name ;  because  he  has  not  sustained, 
with  sufficient  brilliancy,  a  glorious  past  ?  If 
this  be  just,  what  sentence  shall  be  pro- 
nounced on  everything  belonging  to  the  eigh- 
teenth century?  What  was  exempt  from 
universal  deterioration  :  royalty,  nobility,  the 
clergy,  the  religious  orders  ?  And  was  it  pro- 
per that  the  king  should  mount  the  scaffold  of 
January,  because  he  was  not  Charlemagne  or 
St.  Louis  ?  Was  it  equitable  to  doom  the  no- 
bility to  the  sanguinary  proscriptions  of  the 
Keign  of  Terror,  because  their  hearts  no  longer 
thrilled  at  the  accents  of  heroism  and  honor  ? 
Was  it  just  to  annihilate  the  clergy,  because 
there  was  no  longer  among  them  a  Bossuet  or 
a  Fenelon ;  to  abolish  the  order  of  St.  Dominic, 
because  they  could  boast  of  no  successor  to  St. 
Thomas ;  the  Benedictines,  because  the  era  of 
Mabillon  and  Montfaucon  was  past;  the  Ora- 
torians  themselves,  because  they  could  no 
longer  display  to  the  admiration  of  the  world 
a  Malebranche  or  a  Massillon  ?  Granting, 
then,  Father  Theiner's  premises,  what  would 
.be  the  logical  conclusion  ?  That  the  Jesuits 
had  not  been  able  to  preserve  themselves  from 
,the  contagion  of  the  times ;  that  they  had  not 
escaped  the  universal  decay  that  impaired  all 


INTRODUCTION.  47 

institutions,  that  reached  to  all  branches  of 
instruction,  to  literature,  the  arts  and  the 
sciences.  But  at  least  they  have  merited  this 
singular  and  glorious  commendation ;  they 
have  kept  intact  their  Catholic  faith  amidst 
a  perverse  and  infidel  generation,  when  schism 
and  heresy  had  spread  their  baleful  influence 
to  the  sanctuary  even,  and  to  the  cloister; 
they  have  preserved  unspotted  their  robe  of 
innocence  amid  the  mire  and  filth  of  the  world, 
and  have  remained  unharmed  by  a  pesti- 
lence which  had  infected  so  many  religious 
communities.  Why  single  them  out  for  an 
exceptional  punishment,  when,  if  they  do  par- 
take in  the  general  evil,  they  are  still  pre- 
eminent in  purity  of  morals,  and  in  orthodoxy 
of  faith  ?  For,  mark  well,  to  have  the  right 
to  destroy  them,  especially  with  brutality  and 
violence,  it  is  not  sufficient  to  prove  that  they 
have  fallen  below  their  primitive  standard ;  it 
must  be  shown  that  they  are  positively  cul- 
pable and  dangerous.  Culpable !  Who  will 
undertake  to  prove  it  ?  Who  will  hazard  the 
assertion  ?  Does  Father  Theiner  himself  dare 
maintain  it  ?  Dangerous  !  To  whom,  and  to 
what  institution,  civil  or  religious?  To  the 
government,  whose  safeguard  they  have  been 


48  INTRODUCTION. 

from  the  spirit  of  rebellion  ?  To  the  Church, 
which  they  have  defended  with  self-sacrificing 
devotion?  They  were  dangerous  to  revolu- 
tion and  infidelity  alone,  whose  master-spirits 
are  conscious  that  they  could  not  overwhelm 
the  world,  until  they  had  broken  down  the 
dike  that  confined  the  devastating  waters. 

We  cannot  sufficiently  marvel  at  Father 
Theiner's  logical  discrepancies,  and  the  incon- 
secutive character  of  his  arguments.  Accord- 
ing to  him,  the  Jesuits  had  permitted  the 
decay  of  ecclesiastical  science,  whilst  it  was 
intrusted  to  their  charge.  Their  educational 
establishments  were  no  longer  adapted  to  the 
requirements  of  the  age.  Their  labors  were 
attended  with  a  desolating  sterility.  No- 
where had  they  formed  professors  capable  of 
replacing  them  in  chairs,  which  they  had  so 
uncreditably  filled.  Monarchs  and  bishops  in 
vain  jrazed  around  them  to  discover  instruc- 
tors to  train  up  the  youth  in  literature  and 
religion,  or  to  fit  them  for  the  sacred  ministry. 
The  ignorance  of  the  secular  clergy  was  dis- 
graceful. There  could  not  be  found  a  single 
remarkable  man,  a  single  respectable  writer, 
who  was  able  to  enter  the  lists  as  the  cham- 
pion of  the  Church,  at  a  time  when  Protes- 


INTRODUCTION.  49 

tantism  and  irreligion  put  in  motion  every 
engine  of  attack,  and  challenged  it  to  defend 
itself  on  the  battle-field  of  science.  Were  this 
account  strictly  correct,  as  it  is  not,  a  rational 
being  would  conclude,  that  in  such  circum- 
stances the  Church  should  redouble  her 
energy,  concentrate  her  forces,  and  march 
them,  united,  against  the  enemy,  since  their 
individual  prowess  was  so  insufficient;  and 
thus  seek  to  win  the  victory  by  the  combined 
efforts  of  her  soldiery.  Such  would  be  the 
conclusion  of  a  man  of  sense :  Father  Thei- 
ner's,  however,  is  quite  different.  The  Jesuits, 
he  argues,  do  not  suffice  for  the  defence; 
therefore,  let  them  be  destroyed.  The  Catho- 
lic phalanx  composed  of  the  Jesuits  and  their 
pupils,  cannot  cope  with  the  enemy;  there- 
fore discharge  your  best  soldiers,  or  if  he 
prefers  the  term,  those  that  are  less  bad.  But 
if  you  disband  the  Jesuits,  it  is  triumphantly 
retorted,  you  will  have  none  left  but  raw 
recruits :  it  matters  not,  it  was  a  miracle  of 
strategetic  art  thus  to  decrease  the  army,  and 
he,  whose  happy  conception  it  was,  deserves 
the  title  of  a  second  Alexander!  Of  such 
reasoning  Father  Theiner  alone  is  capable. 
But  we  are  very  far  from  conceding,  that, 


50  INTRODUCTION. 

in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the 
Jesuits  and  their  teaching  had  fallen  into  that 
state  of  degradation,  in  which  Father  Theiner 
contemplates  them  with  sorrow  so  faint,  as  to 
be  near  akin  to  joy.  Let  us  resume  his  accu- 
sations, and  endeavor  to  reduce  his  tedious 
declamation  to  a  few  general  propositions. 
The  three  following,  if  we  do  not  mistake, 
will  embrace  the  whole  subject : 

1.  In  Germany  and  Portugal,  if  the  Jesuits 
did    not    positively   occasion,   they   at   least 
failed  to  prevent  the  decline  of  studies  and 
learning.     In  both  countries  they  omitted  to 
form  successors :  and  if,  during  the  two  cen- 
turies preceding  the  suppression,  eminent  men 
may  be  counted  in  their  number,  scarcely  one 
can   be   found  in  the   ranks  of  the   secular 
clergy  educated  by  them. 

2.  At  the  time  of  the  suppression,  the  Jesuits, 
as  well  as  the  rest  of  the  clergy  were,  at  least 
in  Germany,  undeniably  inferior  in  point  of 
science,  and  had  shamefully  resigned  to  their 
religious  antagonists  the  palm  of  pre-eminence. 
Those  who  reflected  lustre  on  their  order  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  last  and  the  commence- 
ment of  the  present  century,  did  not  adorn  it 
at  the  time  of  its  abolition,  as  is  averred  by  the 


INTRODUCTION.  51 

assertors  of  its  fictitious  grandeur,  but  were, 
almost  without  exception,  formed  after  the 
suppression. 

3.  The  degeneracy  of  the  Jesuits  is  proved 
by  the  reform  then  undertaken  by  Catholic 
princes.  In  nearly  all  the  Universities  they 
were  deprived  of  their  chairs,  or,  in  order  to 
answer  the  demands  of  the  age,  new  Professor- 
ships were  founded,  and,  in  many  places,  they 
were  succeeded  by  Professors  who  were  stran- 
gers to  the  institute,  which  had  incontestably 
failed  in  adapting  its  system  of  instruction  to 
the  exigencies  of  the  times,  and  in  keeping 
pace  with  the  rapid  progress  of  the  sciences  it 
professed  to  teach. 

To  refute  these  charges,  let  us  follow  the 
Jesuits  into  Portugal  and  Germany.  Let  us 
see  what  they  found  at  their  entrance  into 
these  countries,  what  they  effected  in  them, 
and  what  memorials  they  left  behind  them. 
We  shall  then  attempt  a  sketch  of  the  Society 
at  the  time  of  its  suppression,  and  examine 
the  catalogue  of  its  Professors  and  distin- 
guished men ;  and,  finally,  we  shall  estimate 
the  true  value  of  that  University  reform,  about 
which  Father  Theiner  talks  so  much,  and  dis- 
cover whether  it  had  its  origin  in  the  neces- 


52  INTRODUCTION. 

sity  of  remedying  the  deficiencies  found  in  the 
Jesuit  teaching,  or  in  an  unhallowed  zeal  to 
propagate  certain  doctrines,  which  they  op- 
posed with  all  the  energy  of  their  zeal  and 
their  faith.  This  last  investigation  will  prove 
particularly  curious.  It  is  an  interesting  topic 
connected  with  the  literary  history  of  the 
eighteenth  century ;  and  a  desire  to  discuss 
it  was  the  chief  motive  that  induced  us  to 
undertake  the  present  work.  It  would 
be  useless  to  protract  with  Father  Theiner 
a  controversy,  on  whose  merits  the  Catholic 
public  have  already  pronounced  a  verdict. 
Let  him  multiply  editions  of  his  work;  let 
him  reproduce  it  in  every  tongue;  let  him 
circulate  it  through  every  land :  never 
will  he  be  able  to  bring  the  opinion  of  the 
Catholic  community  to  harmonize  with  his 
thesis.  He  fancied  that  in  his  attack  on  the 
Society  of  Jesus,  where  so  many  had  met  de- 
feat, his  skill  would  guarantee  him  victory ; 
but  he  has  only  added  a  new  name  to  the  list 
of  the  vanquished.  We  wish  him  every  con- 
solation that  the  consciousness  of  defeat  will 
admit.  This  is  certain,  that  he  has  suffered 
more,  in  point  of  reputation,  than  the  Jesuits, 
whose  deathblow  he  flattered  himself  he  was 


INTRODUCTION.  53 

dealing.  Ah  !  these  Jesuits,  weak  and  dege- 
nerate though  they  be,  they  are  destined  to 
occasion  the  disgrace  of  many  a  doughty 
knight  besides  Father  Theiner.  "  Let  us  speak 
no  evil  of  Nicholas ;  it  would  work  us  harm," 
was  Voltaire's  expression  when  talking  of 
Boileau.  Father  Theiner  might  once  have 
used  the  same  words  with  reference  to  the 
Jesuits;  now  it  would  be  too  late  for  them  to 
avail  him.  But  let  us  leave  Father  Theiner 
and  his  book;  let  us  bid  farewell  to  the  dead ; 
our  occupation  is  with  the  living ! 


tr  ifee  |irst. 

THE  JESUITS  IN   PORTUGAL. 

1.  THE  sixteenth  century  was,  in  every  re- 
spect, the  golden  age  of  Portugal.  This  period 
of  splendor  and  wealth,  of  maritime  conquest 
and  literary  glory,  had  been  prepared  by  the 
wonderful  discoveries  of  the  preceding  cen- 
tury. Don  Henry  had  awakened  among  his 
countrymen  the  spirit  of  enterprise,  by  which 
they  were  stimulated  to  go  in  quest  of  un- 
known lands.  Nor  did  his  death,  in  1463, 
extinguish  it.  Already  had  Bartholomew  Diaz 
doubled  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (1486),  and 
Vasco  de  Gama,  surmounting  all  obstacles,  the 
perils  of  the  sea  and  the  mutinous  spirit  of  his 
crew,  had  circumnavigated  Africa  and  landed 
in  the  Indies  (1497).  The  route  is  now  marked 
out.  Alvarez  Cabral  followed  in  his  wake 
(1500),  and  was  himself  succeeded  by  John 
de  la  Nueva  (1501).  Francis  d' Almeida  ex- 
tends the  Portuguese  sway  over  the  coast  of 


THE  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL.      55 

Malabar ;  and  finally  India  beheld  the  landing 
of  Alphonso  d' Albuquerque  (1508).  Goa  is 
founded,  and  becomes  the  centre  of  a  vast  and 
distant  empire,  depending  on  a  petty  king- 
dom, whose  sea-washed  coast  had  enabled  it 
to  become  a  second  Phoenicia,  and  establish 
itself  as  the  trading  mart  of  the  world.  John 
de  Castro  aimed  at  completing  the  work  of 
d' Albuquerque  (1544) ;  but  the  Portuguese 
were  already  affected  by  the  enervating  in- 
fluence of  an  oriental  climate,  and  when  he 
expired  in  the  arms  of  Xavier  (1548),  every- 
where revolt  broke  out.  In  vain  did  Ataida 
offer  an  heroic  resistance:  his  death  (1575) 
closed  the  career  of  Portuguese  glory  and  con- 
quest in  India.  Meanwhile,  important  events 
were  transpiring  in  the  mother  country.  Don 
Sebastian  perished  at  the  disastrous  battle  of 
Alcazar-Quivir  (1578).  He  was  followed  by 
Don  Henry,  already  almost  an  octogenarian. 
The  succession  to  the  throne  was  even  now 
contested,  just  as,  a  century  later,  under  the 
feeble  sway  of  Charles  II  of  Spain,  claimants 
disputed  in  advance  for  the  inheritance  of 
Charles  V.  Don  Henry  dies ;  Philip  II  fore- 
stalls his  rivals,  and  remains  master  of  his 
prey  (1580).  Henceforth  he  treats  Portugal 


56  THB    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

as  a  subjugated  country;  he  deprived  it  of  its 
liberty,  and  plundered  it  of  its  dependencies. 
Its  yoke  was  so  heavy,  and  its  fall  so  complete, 
that  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  how  it  was  able 
to  rise.  But  this  resurrection  was  facilitated 
by  the  weakness  of  its  Spanish  masters,  and 
was  actually  accomplished  by  that  patriotism, 
whose  fuel  is  the  remembrance  of  a  glorious 
past.  Under  Philip  IV  the  spirit  of  rebellion 
shook  the  foundations  of  the  Spanish  throne  ; 
the  agitation  extends  to  Portugal,  whose  soil 
begins  to  heave  in  turn.  The  genius  of  a  wo- 
man designs  a  plot,  which  a  bold  conspirator 
executes;  and,  in  1640,  the  house  of  Braganza 
grasps  the  sceptre.  The  struggle  with  Spain 
continued,  until  independence  was  secured. 
But  when  Portugal  had  thrown  off  the  badges 
of  her  servitude,  and  had  now  leisure  to  turn 
her  attention  to  the  East,  she  found  that  the 
Dutch  occupied  the  place  she  had  vacated, 
and  unable  to  regain  her  former  possessions, 
she  was  forced  to  content  herself  with  permis- 
sion to  trade,  where  she  had  once  reigned 
sovereign  mistress.  Besides,  the  incapacity  of 
John  IV,  the  misconduct  and  the  downfall  of 
Alphonso  VI,  would  have  rendered  all  her 
efforts  unavailing.  Yet  under  Don  Pedro, 


THE  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL.      57 

and  particularly  under  John  V,  a  gleam  of 
sunshine  once  more  illumined  her,  and  it  was 
only  after  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, that  she  almost  ceased  to  be  numbered 
among  the  nations  of  Europe. 

2.  We  must  follow  the  Jesuits  into  Portu- 
gal, amid  the  varied  scene  of  the  events  we 
have  sketched,  if  we  would  know  the  part 
they  have  played,  and  the  agency  they  have 
had  in  her  glory  and  decline.* 

Portugal  surpassed  all  other  Catholic  states 
in  the  enthusiasm  with  which  she  welcomed 
the  newly  born  Society.  About  1540,  John 
III,  who  had  just  beheld,  in  the  Eastern 
world,  a  splendid  career  opened  to  Portuguese 
arms,  incited  by  the  desire  of  propagating  the 
faith  and  by  the  need  of  securing  the  territo- 
ries he  had  acquired,  sought  missionaries  for 
the  work  of  evangelizing  the  Indies.  The 
fame  of  the  new  Society  had  already  reached 
his  ears.  He  addresses  himself  to  Ignatius, 
and  requests  six  of  his  subjects  for  the  apos- 
tleship  of  India.  But  the  whole  Society  at 
that  time  numbered  only  ten  members,  and 

*  For  what  we  relate  of  the  Portuguese  Jesuits,  we  have 
had  recourse,  more  than  once,  to  M.  Cretineau-Joly's  His- 
tory of  the  Society  of  Jesus. 


58  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

Kodriguez  and  Bobadilla,  alone,  were  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  holy  founder.  On  the  eve  of  their 
departure  for  Portugal,  Bobadilla  fell  sick,  and 
in  his  place  was  substituted  Francis  Xavier. 
The  two  Fathers  arrive  at  Lisbon,  take  up 
their  abode  in  a  public  hospital,  and  obtain 
their  subsistence  by  begging  alms.  Mean- 
while they  occupy  themselves  in  evangelizing 
Lisbon,  and  so  satisfactory  was  the  result  of 
their  labors,  that  the  king  could  not  be  per- 
suaded to  allow  the  departure  of  both,  and 
thus  Rodriguez  remains  in  Portugal,  while 
Xavier  starts,  unaccompanied,  for  the  Indies. 
Already  had  Rodriguez  collected  disciples, 
and  the  king,  who  was  a  witness  of  their  la- 
bors and  success,  determines  to  found  in  his 
states  an  establishment,  which  might  serve  as 
a  Seminary  for  new  Apostles.  With  the  con- 
sent of  the  Holy  See,  he  applies  the  revenues 
of  certain  benefices  to  the  endowment  of  a 
college  at  Lisbon,  and  in  1542  it  is  begun. 
The  prosperity  of  the  new  institution  trans- 
cended the  most  sanguine  anticipations  of  its 
friends.  The  same  year  was  founded  the  Col- 
lege of  Coimbra,  the  most  splendid  and  the 
best  endowed  of  Ihose  directed  by  the  Society 
within  the  limits  of  the  peninsula.  The  pro- 


THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL.  59 

gress  of  the  Jesuits  was  so  rapid,  that  in  1546 
Ignatius  erected  Portugal  into  a  province  of 
his  order,  and  appointed  Rodriguez  to  govern 
it.  This  new  and  powerful  organization,  then 
carried  into  effect  for  the  first  time  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  order,  was  followed  by  the  hap- 
piest results.  After  the  lapse  of  a  few  years 
Coiinbra  contained  one  hundred  and  forty 
Jesuits,  and  could  supply  missionaries  for  every 
quarter  of  the  globe,  instructors  for  other 
houses  of  the  order,  and  even  become  the 
mother  house  of  new  foundations.  Thus,  by 
the  advice  of  the  celebrated  Dominican,  Louis 
de  Granada,  the  Cardinal  Don  Henry,  Bishop 
of  Evora,  was  enabled  to  form  an  establish- 
ment in  his  own  diocese. 

Meanwhile,  however,  the  favors  of  the 
Court,  and  the  prosperity  attendant  on  them, 
and  the  paternal  indulgence  of  Rodriguez,  pro- 
duced some  relaxation  of  discipline  in  the 
College  at  Coimbra,  and  caused  serious  antici- 
pations of  future  evil.  Rodriguez  is  instantly 
removed,  and  the  College  subjected  to  a  re- 
form. There,  too,  Natalis,  commissary-general 
of  Spain  and  Portugal,  reduces  to  practice  the 
newly  framed  Constitutions.  A  noviciate  is 
founded  at  Lisbon,  together  with  a  professed 


60  THB    JESUITS    IN     PORTUGAL. 

house  and  a  college  for  externs,  which  boasts  of 
the  names  of  Emmanuel  Alvarez  and  Cyprian 
Suurez  in  the  list  of  its  earliest  professors. 

John  III  died  in  1557.  Catharine,  his 
widow,  and  Cardinal  Don  Henry,  seek  a  pre- 
ceptor for  Don  Sebastian  in  the  ranks  of  the 
Society,  and  Louis  Gonzalves  de  Camera  is 
the  object  of  their  choice.  Gonzalves  viewed 
the  office  with  dread,  and  accepted  of  it  with 
repugnance,  for  he  knew  the  impetuous  cha- 
racter of  the  Prince,  and  that  passion  for  arms, 
which  was  fated  to  be  the  destruction  of  him- 
self and  his  family.  But  Laynez,  the  general, 
and  Francis  Borgia,  thinking  that  such  a  favor 
could  not  with  propriety  be  refused  the  grand- 
son of  their  benefactor,  overruled  his  objec- 
tions, and  thus  Gonzalves  was  the  first  Jesuit 
appointed  to  the  responsible  office  of  preceptor 
of  the  King.  A  storm,  directed  against  the 
Society,  was  the  consequence  of  this  appoint- 
ment; yet  its  growth  was  not  retarded,  and 
new  colleges  sprang  into  existence  in  all  parts 
of  Portugal.  During  the  pestilence  of  1569, 
the  Jesuits  displayed  heroic  courage ;  many  of 
them  died  martyrs  to  charity;  and  the  rage  of 
their  enemies  was  disarmed.  But  the  remem- 
brance of  a  benefit  is  rarely  enduring,  and  the 
work  of  intrigue  was  soon  resumed.  The  Je- 


THE  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL.      61 

suits  directed  the  consciences  of  Catherine  of 
Austria  and  Don  Henry,  and  the  education  of 
the  young  monarch:  this  was  more  than  suffi- 
cient to  awaken  jealousy  and  hatred.  And 
yet  they  had  used  no  arts  to  ingratiate  them- 
selves into  the  favor  of  the  court.  Gonzalves 
had  opposed  his  own  elevation,  with  an  entire 
knowledge  of  the  tremendous  responsibility 
he  was  about  to  incur;  and  thus  it  happens 
that  not  a  single  Portuguese  historian  is  found 
to  re-echo  the  charges  which  resounded  through 
the  world.  Pasquier  first  gave  publicity  to 
them  in  his  Catechism  of  the  Jesuits,  and  his 
libels  were  repeated  by  the  Jansenists,  and  by 
the  men  of  the  parliaments.  Pasquier  asserts, 
that  the  Jesuits  endeavored  to  make  the  Por- 
tuguese crown  subservient  to  their  purposes, 
and  with  this  intent  exacted  that,  for  the  fu- 
ture, the  King  of  Portugal  should  be  affiliated 
to  their  order  and  subject  to  their  election, 
that  they  employed  superstition  as  a  means  of 
operating  on  Don  Sebastian's  mind,  that  they 
prevented  his  marriage,  and  finally  urged  him 
on  to  that  fatal  expedition  into  Africa,  which 
resulted  in  his  death.  The  very  character  of 
the  Portuguese  is  a  sufficient  refutation  of 
these  absurdities,  and  we  therefore  need  not 


62  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

tarry  to  discuss  them.  No  one  will  believe, 
that  so  haughty  a  nation  as  the  Portuguese  then 
was,  would  suffer  itself  to  be  controlled  by  the 
Jesuits.  All  the  misfortunes  of  Sebastian  and 
his  family  may  be  traced  to  the  stubbornness 
of  his  temper,  which  Father  Gonzalves  made 
fruitless  attempts  to  subdue.  This  is  the  sub- 
ject of  repeated  complaint  in  his  preceptor's 
letters ;  in  all  of  which  he  also  mentions  his 
own  endeavors  to  effect  a  matrimonial  alliance 
between  the  youthful  monarch  and  some  one 
of  the  royal  houses  of  Europe.  But  the  Por- 
tuguese Hippolytus  always  refused  to  hearken 
to  his  advice,  and  finally,  when  on  the  eve  of 
uniting  himself  to  the  family  of  Philip  II, 
died  on  the  soil  of  Africa. 

At  his  death  Spain  became  mistress  of  Por- 
tugal. Under  the  Spanish  rule,  the  Jesuits 
retained  their  former  influence,  and  saw  their 
colleges  multiply,  and  their  revenues  increase. 
But  the  degenerate  Austrian  race,  soon  to  sink 
under  the  burden  of  the  Spanish  monarchy, 
could  not  now  support  the  weight  of  the  united 
crowns  of  Spain  and  Portugal.  Portugal  as- 
serted her  independence,  and  received  secret 
encouragement  from  France.  Every  patriot 
became  a  conspirator.  A  plot  is  devised  by 
the  genius  of  Louisa  de  Guzman,  and  its  exe- 


THE  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL.      63 

cution  intrusted  to  the  boldness  of  Pinto. 
The  Duke  of  Braganza  alone  remained  a 
stranger  to  a  measure,  of  which  he  was  to 
reap  the  fruit.  Louisa  and  the  princes  of  the 
family,  aware  of  the  influence  enjoyed  by  the 
Jesuits,  sought  to  gain  their  adhesion.  At- 
tracted in  opposite  directions  by  conflicting 
claims,  to  the  cause  of  their  country  by  their 
patriotism,  but  by  gratitude  to  the  Spanish 
monarch,  to  whose  confidence  they  had  been 
admitted,  and  of  whose  favor  they  had  parta- 
ken, the  Jesuits  determined  to  abstain  from 
intermeddling  in  the  coming  strife.  From 
this  policy,  the  love  of  national  independence 
induced  a  few  to  depart.  The  revolution 
breaks  out.  The  Provincial  enjoins  upon  his 
subjects  a  strict  neutrality.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  five  or  six,  they  were  obedient  to  his 
mandate.  Fortune  prospered  the  house  of 
Braganza.  Scarcely  had  it  mounted  the 
throne,  when  the  Jesuits  were  taken  into  en- 
tire confidence,  and  became  its  representatives 
at  foreign  courts,  its  preachers  and  its  con- 
fessors. 

Conformably  to  their  custom,  the  Jesuits 
recognized  the  existing  government.  John 
IY  declared  himself  their  protector,  and  they, 
in  return,  as  well  in  Portugal  as  in  his  trans- 


64  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

marine  possessions,  insured  the  security  of  his 
empire.  Not  content  with  the  benefits  he 
had  lavished  upon  them,  with  committing  to 
them  the  spiritual  direction  of  his  whole 
family,  he  appointed  Father  Fernandez,  his 
confessor,  a  member  of  the  privy  council.  At 
the  death  of  John  IV,  in  1656,  the  guardian- 
ship of  Alphonso  VI  is  intrusted  to  his 
mother,  and  Fernandez  retains  his  seat  in  the 
council.  Louisa  wished  to  nominate  him  to 
the  office  of  Grand-Inquisitor,  the  second  dig- 
nity in  the  kingdom,  but  as  this  was  incom- 
patible with  the  vows  of  the  professed  Fathers 
of  his  order,  Fernandez  declined. 

Alphonso,  meanwhile,  had  attained  his  ma- 
jority. One  of  the  first  acts  of  this  sovereign, 
so  precocious  in  depravity,  was  to  banish  his 
mother  from  court.  Abandoned  now  to  the 
instigations  of  his  evil  genius,  Count  de  Castel- 
Melhor,  whose  influence  had  completely  bru- 
talized him,  he  is  induced  to  espouse,  in  1663, 
Marie-Isabelle  de  Savoie-Nemours,  generally 
styled  Mile.  d'Aumale.  Amid  the  debauche- 
ries of  a  court  vitiated  by  the  example  of  the 
infamous  king  and  his  adviser,  Marie  could 
count  but  two  trustworthy  friends,  a  Protes- 
tant veteran,  Marshal  Schomberg,  and  Father 


THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL.  65 

Francis  de  Ville,  who  had  been  the  director  of 
her  childhood.  The  sequel  of  this  drama  is 
known  to  the  world.  Alphonso  is  forced  to 
abdicate,  his  brother  Don  Pedro  assumes  the 
regency,  and  espouses  Marie  de  Savoie.  In 
this  event  the  calumniators  of  the  Society 
represent  Father  de  Ville  as  the  sole  actor. 
It  may  be,  that,  whilst  his  paternal  affection 
for  the  Queen  urged  him  to  seek  her  welfare, 
his  conduct  was  not  entirely  irreprehensible. 
But  this  is  undeniable,  that  he  played  an 
insignificant  part,  where  the  real  actors  were 
politics  and  love,  ambition  and  diplomacy,  the 
cortes  and  the  people.  However  that  may 
be,  the  revolution  was  confined  to  the  palace, 
and  had  no  agency  in  effecting  the  downfall 
of  Portugal;  on  the  contrary,  the  kingdom 
once  more  flourished  under  the  regent,  Don 
Pedro,  and  in  the  reign  of  John  V,  the  aug- 
mentation of  public  prosperity  continued. 

Cardinal  Pacca*  informs  us  that  in  1795,  the 
Portuguese  spoke  of  the  latter  prince  with  en- 
thusiasm. "  John  V  embellished  Lisbon  and 
its  environs  with  useful  and  splendid  edifices, 
protected  the  arts  and  sciences,  was  a  liberal 
benefactor  of  the  church,  and  well  merited 

*  (Euvres  completes,  torn.  ii;  p.  352. 
6* 


66  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

the  title  of  most  faithful,  conferred  on  him 
by  the  immortal  Benedict  XIV.  So  prosper- 
ous was  Portugal  under  his  government,  that 
to  it  may  be  applied  the  expression  of  Scrip- 
ture with  regard  to  the  days  of  Solomon,  that 
then  '  Silver  and  gold  were  as  stones.' " 

3.  Don  Pedro  and  John  V,  both  of  whom 
were  so  desirous  of  promoting  the  prosperity, 
and  increasing  the  glory  of  their  country,  so 
well-informed  respecting  its  true  interests  and 
the  causes  of  its  past  grandeur  and  present 
decay,  so  anxious  to  usher  in  a  brilliant 
futurity,  exhibited  towards  the  Jesuits  the 
same  affection  as  their  predecessors,  and  fa- 
vored them  with  the  same  uninterrupted  con- 
fidence. Oliva  was  called  upon  to  interpose 
his  authority  as  general  of  the  order,  to  pre- 
vent Don  Pedro  from  appointing  his  confessor, 
Emmanuel  Fernandez,  a  deputy  to  the  Cortes. 
How  happens  it,  that  these  sagacious  princes 
could  not  discern,  what  the  enemies  of  the 
Jesuits  are  so  keen-sighted  in  perceiving,  that 
the  influence  of  the  disciples  of  Ignatius  had 
led  to,  and  was  then  completing  the  ruin  of 
the  country?  In  the  first  place,  they  were  by 
no  means  so  sensible,  as  modern  philosophers 
are,  of  a  decline  which  has  been  greatly  exag- 


THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL.  67 

gerated,  since,  as  we  have  seen,  Portugal  flour- 
ished under  their  sway;  then,  and  particularly, 
they  knew  very  well  what  every  unprejudiced 
reader  of  history  must  admit,  that  the  Jesuits 
had  not  contributed,  directly  or  indirectly,  to 
the  gradual  decay,  which,  by  their  teaching 
and  preaching,  they  did  retard,  but  could  not 
entirely  prevent.  The  part  taken  by  them 
in  politics  has  been  immensely  overrated. 
There  are  persons  who  would  fain  discover 
their  agency  in  every  act  of  government; 
whereas  in  these  matters  they  only  inter- 
mingled in  their  connection  with  religion. 
The  causes  of  Portugal's  fall  will  be  readily 
detected  by  a  perusal  of  the  pages  of  her  his- 
tory. It  began  with  the  luxury  consequent 
upon  the  influx  of  wealth  from  her  transma- 
rine possessions.  The  descendants  of  Albu- 
querque, enervated  by  the  softening  influence 
of  an  oriental  sky,  or  abandoning  themselves 
to  all  the  indulgences  of  pomp  and  luxury 
in  their  mother  country,  aimed  only  at  a 
tranquil  enjoyment  of  their  pleasures ;  and 
far  from  extending  their  territories,  or  even 
retaining  those  already  subjugated,  they  were 
preparing  a  booty  to  allure  the  rapacity 
of  some  foreign  power.  Against  this  re- 
laxation of  manners  the  Jesuits  struggled 


68  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

by  their  preaching,  by  their  advice,  by  their 
example,  but  all  was  in  vain.  Portugal  was 
inebriated  with  the  cup  of  pleasure,  and 
heard  not  their  admonitions.  Then  followed 
the  minority  of  Sebastian  and  a  succession  of 
rash  enterprises,  then  the  short  and  imbecile 
reign  of  the  superannuated  Cardinal,  then  the 
Spanish  conquest. 

Assuredly  the  Jesuits  did  not  despatch  Sebas- 
tian to  the  fatal  battle-field  of  Alcazar-Quiver; 
they  did  not  load  Don  Henry  with  the  weight 
of  eighty  years ;  they  did  not  impart  to  him 
his  natural  imbecility  ;  and  these  threw  open 
Portugal  to  foreign  arms.  The  Spanish  con- 
quest and  occupation,  lasting  sixty  years,  was 
the  immediate  cause  of  her  decay.  With  the 
loss  of  national  independence,  she  lost  her 
pristine  energy,  she  lost  every  principle  of 
vitality.  To  effect  this  was  the  very  object 
of  Spanish  rule  during  the  long  period  of  her 
bondage.  In  order  to  diminish  her  strength, 
and  thus  to  domineer  over  her  with  greater 
ease,  Spain  suffered  the  English  and  Dutch  to 
appropriate  to  themselves  her  colonial  depen- 
dencies. She  aimed  at  blotting  her  out,  by 
degrees,  from  the  list  of  nations,  at  causing 
the  rest  of  Europe  to  forget  that  she  had  ever 


THE  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL.      69 

existed  as  an  independent  state :  and  hence  in 
the  treaties  then  concluded  with  foreign  po- 
tentates, no  clause  occurs  to  protect  her  in- 
terests, no  mention  even  of  her  name.  What 
course  could  her  unfortunate  children  adopt  ? 
Already  enervated,  as  we  have  seen,  by  their 
indulgence  in  luxury,  robbed  of  their  national 
independence,  not  caring  to  win  a  victory, 
which  would  redound  to  their  masters'  benefit, 
they  allowed  themselves  to  be  robbed  of  their 
conquests  also,  or,  at  most,  defended  them 
without  spirit.  And  yet  the  Portuguese,  de- 
generate as  they  were,  and  debased  by  sixty 
years  of  thraldom,  had  preserved  such  strength 
of  character,  in  spite  of  the  supposed  Jesuit 
domination  of  a  century,  that,  in  1640,  they 
were  able  to  cast  off  their  yoke,  and  begin  a 
thirty-years'  struggle  with  Spain.  But  Eng- 
land and  Holland  had  secured  their  plunder, 
and  Portugal,  wholly  engrossed  in  her  domes- 
tic troubles,  could  recover  but  a  small  part  of 
her  dependencies :  for  the  same  reason,  amid 
the  perils  of  war,  and  the  din  of  arms,  she 
could  not  divert  her  attention  to  the  reorgani- 
zation of  her  institutions,  to  the  revival  of 
science  and  literature,  an  occupation  which 
requires  the  tranquillity  of  peace  and  the 


70  THE    JKSUIT8    IN     PORTUGAL. 

security  of  independence.  In  such  a  lamenta- 
ble state  of  affairs,  what  could  be  expected 
of  the  Jesuits  ?  To  remedy  the  evil  in  the 
mother  country  by  their  labors  in  the  schools, 
in  the  pulpit,  in  the  confessional ;  to  extend, 
beyond  the  seas,  the  Portuguese  influence  by 
their  missions  :  and  this  was  really  their  occu- 
pation. But  to  restore  Portugal  to  her  primi- 
tive condition,  to  revive  her  interior  prosperity 
and  regain  her  foreign  empire,  to  bring  back, 
in  a  word,  the  golden  age  of  Emmanuel  the 
Fortunate  and  John  III,  would  have  been  an 
impossibility,  even  if  Portugal  had  been  then 
ruled  by  a  king  of  genius,  and  had  retained 
in  her  bosom  those  great  men,  who  in  former 
times  had  reflected  such  lustre  upon  her  by 
their  eminence  in  war,  science  and  letters.  It 
was  the  peculiar  felicity  of  Portugal  to  have 
outstripped  her  rivals  in  the  great  enterprises 
of  modern  Europe,  at  a  time  when  they  were 
otherwise  employed,  when  they  had  not  yet 
reached  the  zenith  of  their  subsequent  glory, 
and  when  they  could  entertain  no  ambitious 
dreams  of  contesting  the  sovereignty  of  the 
seas.  Undisturbed  by  the  religious  feuds  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  in  which  they  were  en- 
gaged, but  from  which  she  was  happily  exempt, 


THE  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL.      71 

she  was  at  leisure  to  preserve  and  augment 
her  grandeur  and  glory.  But  when  a  calm 
ensued,  and  the  great  powers  of  Europe  were 
once  more  at  rest,  Portugal  was  doomed  to 
an  inevitable  decline,  for  the  narrowness  of 
her  territory  could  not  supply  resources  suffi- 
cient to  resist  their  unjust  and  greedy  aggres- 
sions. The  marvellous  prosperity  of  Portugal 
in  the  sixteenth  century  was  a  phenomenon, 
and  necessarily  transient.  Can  any  conceive 
as  possible,  the  existence  of  the  Portugal  of 
Emmanuel  and  John  III,  of  Albuquerque, 
John  de  Castro  and  Camoens,  in  the  middle  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  with  such  nations 
around  her,  as  Spain,  England,  Holland  and 
France,  with  their  prodigious  political,  mari- 
time and  literary  development  ? 

Let  us  not  require  impossibilities  :  let  us  not 
upbraid  the  Jesuits  for  an  unavoidable  politi- 
cal decay,  to  which  they  had  in  no  manner 
contributed.  Let  us  rather  bestow  upon  them 
the  meed  of  our  praise,  for  having  averted 
entire  ruin,  and  for  having  concurred  in  pro- 
ducing that  comparative  prosperity,  in  which, 
under  Pedro  and  John  Y,  Portugal  bloomed 
once  more.  Remark  now  that  the  reign  of 
John  V  was  prolonged  until  1750,  that  is,  to 


72  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

the  eve  of  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits.  We 
are  then  at  a  loss  to  know  when,  and  where, 
to  fix  the  exercise  of  that  mischievous  influ- 
ence exerted  by  the  Jesuits  on  the  destinies 
of  Portugal.  Undoubtedly  towards  the  close 
of  the  reign  of  John  V,  the  public  welfare 
suffered  serious  detriment;  but  Cardinal  Pacca* 
points  out  as  the  cause,  not  the  influence  of 
the  Jesuits,  but  the  continual  maladies,  which 
weakened  that  prince's  body,  and  impaired 
his  mind. 

The  reign  of  Joseph  I,  or  rather  that  of 
Pombal,  the  virulent  persecutor  of  the  Jesuits, 
is  the  true  epoch,  from  which  should  be  dated 
the  downfall  of  Portugal.  Joseph  seemed  de- 
stined to  be,  like  his  contemporary  of  France, 
the  dupe  of  unprincipled  intriguers.  Like 
Louis  XV  in  immorality  also,  he  was  imbecile, 
suspicious,  and  cowardly.  Porabal  had  pene- 
trated into  his  character,  and  resolved  to  make 
this  knowledge  subserve  the  accomplishment 
of  his  designs.  After  the  unfavorable  termi- 
nation of  a  mission  to  Vienna,  in  1745,  he  lost 
the  confidence  of  John  V,  and  the  possession 
of  political  power.  But  scarcely  had  Joseph  I 
seated  himself  on  the  throne,  when  Pombal, 
by  the  intervention  of  his  wife,  crept  into  the 
*  Loc.  cit. 


THE  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL.      73 

queen's  favor,  and  by  his  own  hypocrisy  into 
the  friendship  of  the  Jesuits,  and  then  by  the 
patronage  of  both  parties,  gained  the  position  of 
prime  minister.  Henceforth  he  adopts  Henry 
VIII  as  his  model,  and  aspires  to  an  imitation 
of  his  schism  :  he  aims  at  separating  Portugal 
from  Rome,  and  introducing  Jansenism  and 
infidelity.  To  the  realization  of  his  schemes 
the  Jesuits  are  an  insurmountable  obstacle. 
They  must  then  be  destroyed  at  any  cost. 
Pombal  acts  upon  his  master's  fears,and  unceas- 
ingly fills  his  ears  with  rumors  of  conspira- 
cies, in  which  he  always  intermingles  the  name 
of  the  Jesuits.  His  judgment  being  thus 
perverted  by  the  misrepresentation  of  his  mi- 
nister, Joseph  affords  him  full  scope  to  gratify 
his  spleen,  and  to  revel  in  revenge.  He  com- 
mences his  war  of  persecution  in  Maragnon 
and  Paraguay  :  he  there  destroys  the  wonder- 
ful creations  of  Jesuit  zeal,  and  then  removes 
the  seat  of  hostilities  to  Europe  itself.  A  re- 
form in  the  Institute  was  his  first  object ;  its 
annihilation  would,  in  course  of  time,  tho- 
roughly satiate  his  rage.  But  his  infuriated 
passions  would  suffer  no  reprieve.  The  out- 
rage of  1758  followed.  Farther  details  need 
not  now  be  given.  The  world  has  heard  of 

7 


74  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

that  twofold  tragedy,  whose  catastrophe  was 
the  execution  of  the  Tavoras,  and  the  brutal 
proscription  of  the  children  of  St.  Ignatius. 

Such  was  the  man,  whose  calumnies  have 
furnished  matter  for  so  many  libels  against 
the  Jesuits.  Such  was  the  man  who  blames 
them  for  a  decline,  of  which  he  himself  was 
the  principal  author.  He  squandered  the 
wealth  amassed  by  the  economy  of  John  V ; 
and  yet,  in  spite  of  these  hoards,  and  the 
treasures  he  obtained  by  his  confiscations,  he 
was  unable  to  defray  the  ordinary  expenses  of 
government,  and  burdened  the  kingdom  with 
debt.  The  nobles,  who  took  umbrage  at  his 
haughtiness,  and  many  other  men,  who  were 
capable  of  reflecting  honor  upon  their  country, 
were  at  his  instigation  doomed  to  perpetual 
imprisonment,  to  exile,  or  to.  an  ignominious 
death.  To  complete  the  enormity  of  his 
crimes,  he  introduced  those  infidel  principles, 
which  are  subversive  of  the  very  foundations 
of  social  order,  and  turned  into  bitter  irony 
the  title  of  most  faithful,  with  which  his  master 
was  invested.  He  burst  asunder  the  bonds 
which  connected  Portugal  with  her  heroic 
past ;  he  broke  the  chain  of  religious  tradi- 
tion, and  wrought  a  lamentable  change  in  the 


THE  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL.      75 

very  character  of  a  people,  till  then  so  tho- 
roughly Catholic.  Those  famous  monarchs, 
who  had  in  former  times  shaped  the  destinies 
of  Portugal,  boasted  of  their  devotion  to  the 
Holy  See  as  their  crowning  glory.  To  repeat 
the  words  of  Cardinal  Pacca,  who  borrows  the 
idea  from  a  Portuguese  historian,  the  prosperity 
of  their  reign  was  a  temporal  recompense  for 
their  zeal  in  the  propagation  of  the  faith, 
which  they  sought  to  extend  with  more  so- 
licitude, than  they  manifested  for  the  enlarge- 
ment of  their  own  territorial  limits.  "  The 
decline  and  fall  of  Portugal,"  continues  the 
Cardinal, "  are  not  imputable  to  the  principles 
of  the  Catholic  religion,  or  to  the  influence  of 
the  Court  of  Eome  (or,  we  add,  to  that  of  the 
Jesuits),  as  is  so  constantly  asserted  by  irre- 
ligious writers."  On  the  contrary,  infidelity 
gave  Portugal  her  deathblow.  To  Pombal 
must  it  be  ascribed,  that  she  lost  her  rank 
among  nations,  and  almost  her  distinct  politi- 
cal existence ;  that  she  has  now  become,  ac- 
cording to  the  forcible  expression  of  M.  Cre- 
tineau-Joly,  a  mere  store-house  for  the  thread- 
bare constitutions  of  England,  and  the  refuse 
of  her  manufactures. 

4.  If  we  study  the  history  of  the  decline 


76  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

of  Portugal  in  a  literary  and  scientific  point 
of  view,  which  in  fact  should  chiefly  arrest 
our  attention,  we  shall  arrive  at  the  same  con- 
clusions. At  the  death  of  Emmanuel  (1524), 
himself  a  distinguished  writer,  was  inaugurated 
under  John  III,  the  golden  age  of  Portuguese 
literature.  Sa  de  Miranda,  Antonio  Ferreira, 
and  Gil  Vicente  were  its  pioneers.  The  two 
former  added  precept  to  example,  and  became 
the  lawgivers  of  the  Portuguese  Parnassus. 
They  introduced  the  taste  of  antiquity  and  of 
modern  Italy,  whilst  they  preserved  their  own 
originality,  and  brought  to  perfection  their 
native  tongue.  The  pastoral  world  is  pecu- 
liarly their  own  domain,  in  which,  however, 
they  have  naturalized  the  sonnet,  the  ode,  and 
the  epistle,  in  imitation  of  Petrarch  and  Ho- 
race. They  also  cultivated  a  classical  purity 
of  ideas  and  language,  and  were  regarded  as 
the  oracles  of  criticism,  the  models  of  poets, 
and  were  the  founders  of  a  numerous  school. 
Gil  Vicente,  like  Moli&re,  an  author  and  an 
actor,  adorned  by  his  countrymen  with  the 
title  of  the  Portuguese  Plautus,  is,  after  the 
Italians,  the  first  in  date  of  modern  dramatists. 
He  too  had  many  imitators,  among  whom  we 
may  number  Lopez  de  Vega  and  Calderon,  who 


THE  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL.      77 

nearly  a  century  after  improved  upon  their 
model;  whilst  in  accordance  with  the  taste  of 
his  country  and  times,  in  his  comedies,  tragi- 
comedies and  autos,  both  sacred  and  profane,  he 
abandoned  himself  to  the  unrestrained  indul- 
gence of  a  fertile  imagination.  Miranda  and 
Ferreira  were  founding  the  school  of  the 
classic  drama,  on  the  imitation  of  the  ancients. 
The  first  tragedy  in  modern  times,  written  in 
conformity  with  the  rules  of  art  (with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Soplionisba  of  Trissin),  was  the 
Inez  of  Ferreira. 

These  poets  and  their  disciples  were  un- 
doubtedly above  mediocrity,  but  no  one  had 
yet  appeared  to  captivate  the  Portuguese 
imagination  and  strongly  move  the  heart. 
During  the  sixteenth  century,  we  say  it  with- 
out fear  of  contradiction,  Portugal  produced  but 
one  writer  gifted  with  the  higher  attributes  of 
genius  :  he  was  Camoens,  the  Homer  of  his 
country.  He  alone  has  attained  a  European 
reputation ;  the  rest  are  mentioned  only  in  the 
schools.  Besides  the  superiority  of  his  own 
mind,  it  was  his  peculiar  privilege  to  be  asso- 
ciated with  all  that  makes  up  the  glory  of  his 
country,  of  which  he  was  the  poetic  personifi- 
cation. In  his  life,  as  in  his  song,  he  embraced 


78  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

all  that  was  splendid  in  her  history.  Born  in 
the  fortunate  days  of  Emmanuel,  he  died  in 
1579,  just  after  the  battle  of  Alcazar-Quivir. 
The  Lusiad,  the  greatest  of  his  works,  is,  in 
date,  the  first  epic  poern  of  modern  times,  and 
according  to  Frederick  Schlegel,  the  first  also 
in  merit. 

During  this  period,  history  assumed  an  epic 
tone.  Those  unknown  seas,  ploughed  by  the 
Portuguese  keel ;  those  boundless  regions, 
thrown  open  to  a  noble  ambition ;  those  count- 
less hosts,  vanquished  by  a  handful  of  adven- 
turers; that  fabulous  wealth,  flowing  into  every 
harbor  of  the  Peninsula :  all  this  transported 
the  imagination  back  to  the  heroic  ages  per- 
petuated by  Homer,  when  the  West  challenged 
the  East  to  combat,  and  the  confederate  tribes 
of  Greece  subverted  the  mighty  sovereignties 
of  Asia.  The  most  of  these  historians  had 
either  visited  in  person  the  newly-discovered 
regions,  or  had  heard  the  travellers  themselves 
recite  their  wondrous  tales.  Thus  the  Por- 
tuguese Livy,  John  de  Barros,  had  been  the 
director  of  several  establishments  in  India, 
before  he  devoted  the  elegance  and  purity  of 
his  style  to  tell  the  history  of  its  discovery. 
Hence  that  enthusiasm  that  breathes  life  into 


THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL.  7-9 

his  narrative :  hence  too,  perhaps,  the  inspira- 
tion that  glows  in  the  Lusiad ;  for  the  Decads 
had  appeared  a  year  before  Camoens  departed 
for  the  scene  of  Eastern  adventures.  Diego 
de  Couto,  the  Herodotus  of  Portugal,  who  con- 
tinued Barros,  had  himself  visited  Africa  and 
the  Indies ;  and  it  is  probable  that  Ferdinand 
d' Albuquerque  composed  his  commentaries 
from  materials  collected  by  his  illustrious 
father. 

Nor  should  we  omit  mention  of  Jerome  Oso- 
rio,  whose  copious  eloquence  and  classical 
latinity  obtained  for  him  the  name  of  the 
Portuguese  Cicero ;  or  of  Andrew  de  Resende, 
the  first  antiquary  of  the  age.  How  great  too 
was  the  literary  fecundity  of  the  time  in  books 
of  travels,  in  romances,  in  moral  essays,  in 
works  of  every  class ! 

This  account  would  certainly  impress  us 
with  a  very  favorable  opinion  of  the  literary 
advancement  of  that  century ;  and  yet,  we 
repeat,  that  it  records  the  name  of  but  one 
man  of  genius,  and  we  affirm  that  this  pros- 
perity has  been  greatly  exaggerated,  as  we 
shall  show,  has  been  equally  exaggerated  the 
posterior  literary  decline.  Let  us  take  a  brief 
glance  at  the  condition  of  theological  science, 


80  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

which  was  then,  it  is  said,  so  profound  and  so 
brilliant.  Great  theologians  are  spoken  of, 
who  ravished  the  Tridentine  Fathers  with 
amazement  and  admiration;  and  this  state- 
ment is  corroborated  by  the  authority  of  Car- 
dinal Pacca  himself.*  And  yet  the  catalogue 
of  these  eminent  men  is  not  very  extensive. 
Don  Diego  Payva  de  Andrada  is  mentioned 
as  a  good  theologian,  the  author  of  several 
treatises  against  heretics  and  in  defence  of  the 
Council  of  Trent,  all  of  which  have,  however, 
passed  into  oblivion;  Francis  Foreiro,  a  Do- 
minican friar,  whom  St.  Charles  Borromeo  re- 
tained at  Rome,  to  assist  in  the  preparation  of 
the  Roman  Catechism,  sometimes  called  the 
Catechism  of  the  Council  of  Trent;  Father 
Jerome  Oleastro,  also  a  Dominican,  skilful  in 
the  ancient  languages,  and  the  author  of  Com- 
mentaries on  Scripture ;  and  Don  Bartholomew 
of  the  Martyrs,  Archbishop  of  Braga,  still 
more  celebrated  for  piety  than  for  his  learn- 
ing, are  alone  worthy  of  remembrance.  As 
for  Henry  of  St.  Jerome,  and  Louis  de  Soto 
Mayor,  the  most  erudite  of  our  readers  have 
probably  never  heard  mention  of  their  names. 

*  M£moires,  etc.,  p.  352. 


THE  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL.      81 

The  Spanish  conquest  was,  as  we  have  seen, 
in  every  respect  fatal  to  Portugal.  But  if  we 
have  denied  that  it  effected  the  complete  de- 
struction of  her  political  and  military  power, 
with  still  greater  reason  do  we  deny  that  it 
wrought  the  complete  ruin  of  her  literary 
greatness.  Literature  and  science  budded 
forth  once  more  in  a  land,  which  they  had 
once  filled  with  their  fragrance;  and  it  was 
not  until  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century 
that  the  race  of  great  men  became  extinct. 

The  drama  indeed  had  almost  entirely  dis- 
appeared; for,  except  within  the  court  itself, 
theatrical  representations  were  discontinued, 
and  when,  after  a  season  of  repose,  an  attempt 
was  made  to  revive  them,  the  usurpers  ex- 
tended their  tyranny  even  to  the  stage,  and 
insisted  upon  the  adoption  of  Spanish  plays, 
and  even  the  substitution  of  Spanish  actors. 
This  caused  the  extinction  of  the  Portuguese 
drama  until  the  nineteenth  century.  Com- 
pulsion, artifice,  and  the  desire  of  advance- 
ment, combined  to  introduce  the  frequent  use 
of  the  Spanish  tongue,  to  the  great  detriment 
of  the  language  and  literature  of  Portugal. 

It  should  be  remembered,  also,  that  the 
Portuguese  recognized  but  two  species  of  legi- 


82  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

timate  poetry,  the  heroic  and  the  pastoral,  and 
they  admitted  the  pastoral  into  the  epic,  and 
even  into  the  drama.  This  preference  for  the 
pastoral  was  natural  under  the  lovely  sky  of 
Lusitania,  and  with  the  gorgeous  scenery  of 
the  East  before  their  eyes ;  but  it  is  easily  seen 
that  the  pastoral,  almost  always  unnatural  of 
itself,  must  become  still  more  liable  to  objec- 
tion when  transposed  to  the  drama,  and  that 
this  medley  of  incongruous  species  must  be 
productive  of  injury  to  the  cause  of  literature. 
Yet  for  the  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  en- 
suing, the  literary  horizon  was  not  entirely 
obscured.  The  example  of  Camoens  encou- 
raged many  others  to  become  votaries  of  the 
epic  Muse ;  such  as  Corta-Real,  the  writer  of 
several  heroic  poems ;  Louis  Pereira,  who  in 
his  Eleyiada,  bewails  the  disaster  of  Alcazar- 
Quivir ;  Manzinho  Quebedo,  the  author  of  Al- 
phonso  of  Africa ;  Pereira  de  Castro,  who  in 
the  Ulyssea,  a  poem  redolent  of  the  classic 
age,  sings  the  foundation  of  Lisbon ;  Francis 
sa  Menezes,  who  in  his  conquest  of  Malacca, 
takes  the  great  Albuquerque  as  the  hero  of  his 
tale ;  Bras  Mascarenhas,  the  composer  of  the 
V'tlaihus ;  all  these  retained  a  national  spirit 
in  the  bosom  of  an  enthralled  country. 


THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL.  83 

In  pastoral  poetry  the  most  eminent  names 
are  Manuel  de  Yiega  and  Rodrigues  de  Lobo, 
the  Theocritus  of  his  country. 

The  list  would  be  protracted  to  an  irksome 
length,  should  we  undertake  to  enumerate  all 
the  poets  of  the  17th  century. 

The  similarity  of  the  Portuguese  to  the 
Latin  produced  a  great  number  of  poets  in  the 
latter  tongue,  as  will  be  seen  by  taking  a 
glance  at  the  collection  entitled,  Corpus  Illus- 
trium  Lusitanorum  qui  latine  scripserunt  (8 
vols.  in  4 to).  The  most  celebrated  of  these 
was  Payva  de  Andrada,  who  died  in  1660, 
the  author  of  a  very  remarkable  heroic  poem, 
the  CJiauleidos,  or  the  Siege  of  Chaul,  whose 
scene,  like  that  of  the  Lusiad,  is  laid  in  the 
East  Indies. 

In  the  same  century,  history  was  cultivated 
by  Brito,  the  author  of  the  Monarchia  Lusi- 
tana ;  Frey  Duarte  Nunez  de  Liao ;  Jacinthe 
Freyre  de  Andrada,  the  biographer  of  John 
de  Castro,  and  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
of  the  Portuguese  writers ;  Louis  de  Souza, 
whose  Chronicles  of  St.  Dominic,  and  Life  of 
Bartholomew  of  the  Martyrs,  have  merited 
for  him  the  reputation  of  a  classic ;  Faria  de 
Souza,  the  historian  of  Portugal,  the  commen- 


84  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

tator  on  Camoens,  a  poet  himself,  and  a  copious 
and  laborious  writer  in  many  species  of  com- 
positions, who  boasted  that  he  had,  every  day 
of  his  life,  composed  twelve  pages,  each  page 
consisting  of  thirty  lines,  until  his  death,  in 
1649,  put  an  end  to  this  incessant  activity. 
But  of  the  voluminous  writers  of  that  day, 
the  most  remarkable  was  Francis  Macedo, 
who  had  been  educated  by  the  Jesuits  at 
Coimbra,  and  passed  from  their  order  to  the 
Cordeliers.  He  was  the  prodigy  of  the  age. 
At  Venice  he  gained  laurels  in  a  public  dis- 
pute de  omni  re  scibili,  and  terminated  the 
closing  session  by  extemporizing  one  thousand, 
or,  as  some  say,  two  thousand,  Latin  verses. 
In  eight  days  more  his  ardent  and  impetuous 
genius  had  produced  a  work,  which  he  charac- 
terized by  the  title  of  Literary  Roarings  of  the 
Lion  of  St.  Mark.  At  the  end  of  his  Myroihe- 
ciuni  Morale,  he  tells  us,  that  he  had  pro- 
nounced fifty- three  panegyrics,  sixty  ha- 
rangues in  the  Latin  language,  and  thirty-two 
funeral  orations ;  that  he  had  composed  one 
hundred  and  twenty- three  elegies,  one  hun- 
dred and  fifteen  epitaphs,  two  hundred  and 
twelve  dedicatory  epistles,  seven  hundred 
familiar  letters,  two  thousand  and  six  hundred 


THE  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL.      85 

heroic  poems,  one  hundred  and  ten  odes,  three 
thousand  epigrams,  four  Latin  comedies,  two 
tragedies,  a  satire  in  Spanish ;  in  all,  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  thousand  lines,  without  noticing 
a  number  of  treatises  on  theology,  ethics,  and 
various  other  subjects !      Such  learning  and 
such  literary  fecundity  are  without  a  parallel. 
In  the  ecclesiastical  sciences,  the  most  famous 
was  Antony  Vieira,  or  Vieyra,  of  whom  we 
would  speak  with  greater  freedom  were  he  not  a 
Jesuit.     With  that  enthusiasm  which  belongs 
to   their  national  character,  the  Portuguese 
prefer  him  to  Cicero,  Demosthenes,  Bossuet, 
and  all  orators,  ancient  or  modern.     Having 
completed  his  early  studies  and  passed  his 
youth  in  Brazil,  Vieira  comes  to  Europe,  where 
his  success  in  the  pulpit,  and  his  talents  for 
diplomacy  soon  attract  the  favor  and  win  the 
confidence  of  John  IV  and  Clement  X.     But 
he  withdrew  from  this  glorious  career,  and 
returned  to  evangelize  Brazil,  where  he  died 
in  1697.     His  works  form  a  collection  of  fif- 
teen quarto  volumes,  thirteen  of  which  con- 
tain his  sermons,  and  the  remainder  writings 
on  various  matters.     Whatever  judgment  we 
may  pass  on  Vieira's  taste,  no  one  can  deny 
that  he  was  one  of  the  most  eminent,  possibly 

8 


86      THB  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL. 

the  very  first  of  Portuguese  writers.  Nor 
should  we  forget  to  record  the  name  of  Au- 
gustin  Barbosa,  who  merits  praise  for  his  skill 
in  civil  and  canon  law.  Born  in  1590,  he 
died  in  1649,  the  very  year  that  Philip  IV, 
to  reward  his  services  and  to  do  honor  to 
learning,  had  nominated  him  to  the  Bishopric 
of  Urgento,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  The 
complete  edition  of  his  works  consists  of  six- 
teen folio  volumes :  the  most  valuable  is  en- 
titled, Remissiones  in  varia  loca  Condlii  Triden- 
t'mi.  In  subjects  of  this  kind  he  has  been 
surpassed  by  none  of  his  countrymen. 

The  eighteenth  century  was  not  destitute  of 
Portuguese  writers,  although  the  decline  was 
now  more  perceptible,  notwithstanding,  says 
Pacca,  the  thorough  education  yet  imparted 
by  the  Jesuits.  The  most  famous  writer  was 
Eryceyra,  the  correspondent  of  Boileau,  who 
wrote  an  heroic  poem,  the  Henriqueida,  and 
the  History  of  the  Restoration  in  Portugal.  He 
was  a  man  of  considerable  reputation,  though 
the  critical  advice  of  Boileau  could  not  supply 
the  want  of  genius.  About  the  same  time 
Barbosa-Machado  composed  the  Memoirs  of 
i  Sebastian,  at  the  instance  of  the  royal 
Academy  of  History,  and  published  (1742-52) 


THE  JESUITS  IN  PORTUGAL.      87 

his  great  Bibliotheca  Lusitana,  in  four  folio 
volumes,  in  which  he  quotes  several  illustrious 
writers  of  the  latter  days  of  the  monarchy. 

Finally,  at  the  very  time  of  the  suppression 
of  the  Society,  Portugal  was  not  entirely  de- 
prived of  capable  men,  and  from  among  its 
adversaries,  one,  at  least,  may  be  mentioned, 
Antonio  Pereira  de  Figheredo,  a  celebrated 
theologian  educated  by  the  Jesuits  themselves, 
who  unhappily  devoted  his  fine  talents  and 
his  varied  learning  to  the  service  of  Pombal 
and  Jansenism.  But  from  the  time  of  the 
banishment  of  the  Jesuits,  the  light  of  litera- 
ture and  science  continued  to  dwindle,  until  it 
has  finally  become  extinct  in  that  unfortunate 
land.  "At  Lisbon,"  says  Cardinal  Pacca,  "no 
works  are  now  published  which  are  worthy  of 
notice;  still  less  are  they  deserving  of  the 
honors  of  translation."  And  here  we  are  for- 
tunate in  being  able  to  cite  the  authority  of 
Father  Theiner  himself.  In  a  review  of  the 
memoirs  of  the  learned  and  holy  Cardinal,* 
when  he  comes  to  treat  of  the  reform  of  the 
University  of  Coimbra,  effected  by  Pombal,  he 
thus  expresses  himself:  "  The  professors  of  the 

*  Annals  of  Religious  Sciences,  for  1836,  vol.  ii,  pp. 
177,  180. 


88  THE    JESUITS    IN    PORTUGAL. 

University  of  Coimbra  have  utterly  destroyed 
true  science  in  Portugal.  .  .  .  The  govern- 
ment of  Pombal,  and  its  effects  on  Portugal, 
furnish  a  most  triumphant  apology  for  the  So- 
ciety of  Jesus." 

To  complete  this  sketch  of  the  literature 
and  science  of  Portugal,  and  of  the  influence 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  we  should  here  speak 
of  the  reform  to  which  we  have  just  alluded, 
and  enumerate  the  eminent  Portuguese  Jesuits 
of  the  time  ;  but  for  the  purpose  of  preserving 
some  unity  in  our  remarks,  and  of  avoiding 
needless  repetition,  we  deem  it  proper  to  defer 
giving  the  details  we  have  to  offer  on  both 
subjects,  until  we  shall  come  to  a  general  dis- 
cussion of  the  University  reform  in  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  the  literary 
and  scientific  state  of  the  Society  at  that  pe- 
riod. Then  shall  we  supply  the  particulars 
which  in  this  and  the  succeeding  chapter,  we 
have  thought  it  expedient  to  omit. 


THE  JESUITS   IN   GERMANY. 

1.  AT  the  time  when  Luther  began  to  attract 
attention  by  his  denunciation  of  Catholic  dog- 
mas, the  clergy  of  Germany  offered  a  sad  ex- 
ample of  corrupted  faith  and  relaxed  morals. 
Frightful  is  the  picture  contemporaneous  wri- 
ters present  of  the  state  of  the  clergy,  or  at 
least  of  the  secular  clergy,  at  this  mournful 
period :  when  we  cast  our  eyes  upon  it,  we  can 
no  longer  be  at  a  loss  to  comprehend  the  secret 
of  the  rapid  strides  of  Protestantism.  Al- 
ready at  the  death  of  Luther,  all  Germany 
was  infected  with  the  poison  of  his  doctrines. 
The  seducing  eloquence  of  Melanchthon,  the 
glowing  harangues  of  Bucer,  Carlstadt,  and 
Bullinger,  had  finished  the  work  of  destruc- 
tion, and  princes  and  realms  were  severed  from 
Catholic  unity.  Religious  sects  were  every 
day  springing  into  existence  in  that  unfortu- 
nate land,  and  the  Anabaptists  were  preparing 

8* 


90  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

to  plunge  it  into  an  abyss  of  error,  and  engulf 
it  in  blood.  According  to  Ranke,  a  Protestant 
historian,  who,  in  support  of  his  assertion,  ap- 
peals to  the  statistics  furnished  by  the  publi- 
cists of  the  time,  in  the  Austrian  States,  now 
almost  entirely  Catholic,  the  proportion  of 
Catholics  to  Protestants  was  then  as  one  to 
ten !  Heresy  had  encountered  no  obstacle  to 
arrest  its  course ;  on  the  contrary,  corruption 
and  ignorance  on  the  part  of  the  clergy,  ambi- 
tion and  cupidity  in  the  great,  fanaticism  and 
apostacy  among  the  people,  tended  to  deepen 
its  channel,  augment  its  volume,  and  accelerate 
its  speed.  For  ten  Protestant  theologians  of 
renown,  scarcely  one  could  be  found  on  the 
side  of  the  orthodox  faith. 

Let  us  see  who  were  the  defenders  of  Catho- 
lic tenets,  when,  in  1540,  the  Jesuits  first  ap- 
pea&d  in  Germany.  The  most  conspicuous 
was  John  Eckius,  or  Eck,  Professor  of  theo- 
logy at  the  University  of  Ingolstadt ;  but  he 
died  only  three  years  later.  He  was  the 
Catholic  leader  in  all  controversies  with  the 
Lutherans;  his  associates  yielded  to  the  di- 
rection of  his  superior  mind,  and  in  his  lan- 
guage were  their  sentiments  embodied.  We 
find  him  present  at  the  diet  of  Augsburg,  in 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  91 

1538,  at  the  Conference  of  Katisbon,  in  1541, 
and  everywhere,  by  the  extent  of  his  learning, 
the  acuteness  of  his  reasoning,  and  the  copious- 
ness of  his  eloquence,  he  contested  the  pre- 
eminence with  Luther,  Carlstadt,  and  Melanch- 
thon.  After  Eck,  the  most  famous  champion 
of  the  church,  was  John  Cochlaeus,  who  was 
born  in  1479,  and  died  Canon  of  Breslau  in 
1552 ;  but,  says  Feller,  he  was  neither  equally 
esteemed  by  Catholics,  nor  feared  by  Protest- 
ants, because  his  object  was  rather  to  confute 
error,  than  solidly  to  establish  truth. 

The  order  of  St.  Dominic  entered  the  lists  in 
the  persons  of  the  two  Fabers,  and  Ambrose 
Storck.  The  first  of  the  Fabers,  born  in  Sua- 
bia,  about  the  year  1470,  by  his  zeal  against 
heresy,  gained  the  title  of  Malleus  Hcereticorum. 
He  was  elevated  to  the  See  of  Vienna,  and 
died  in  1541.  The  other  Faber,  of  the  same 
name  and  country,  but  inferior  in  reputation, 
died  in  1570.  Ambrose  Storck  and  John 
Gropper  were  the  only  distinguished  theolo- 
gians furnished  by  Germany  to  the  Council  of 
Trent.  The  former  was  present  as  the  theo- 
logian of  the  Archbishop  of  Treves,  and  his 
eloquence  gained  applause;  but  he  died  at 
Treves,  in  1557,  before  the  third  session  of  the 


92  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

Council.  Gropper,  Archdeacon  of  Cologne, 
died  in  1559  at  Rome,  whither  he  had  been 
summoned  by  Paul  IV,  who  made  efforts, 
which  his  humility  defeated,  to  elevate  him  to 
the  dignity  of  cardinal.  At  the  session  of 
1552,  Gropper  was  introduced  into  the  Coun- 
cil by  his  Archbishop,  Adolphus  de  Schauem- 
burg,  and  he  there  sustained  that  reputation 
for  talents  and  learning  which  he  had  already 
gained  in  many  conferences  and  provincial 
councils,  and  even  acquired  new  lustre  by  his 
thorough  acquaintance  with  dogmatic  theo- 
logy, history,  ecclesiastical  discipline,  and 
tradition. 

Thus  when  all  other  Catholic  countries, 
France,  Italy,  Portugal,  Belgium,  and  espe- 
cially Spain,  were  ably  represented  at  Trent, 
Germany  can  boast  of  not  more  than  two  or 
three  names  that  have  survived.  At  the 
present  day,  even  among  the  learned,  who 
has  ever  heard  of  Henry  Gothard  and  George 
Hocheuvaster,  secular  priests  and  doctors  of 
theology,  of  Leonard  Haller,  in  the  service  of 
the  Bishop  of  Eichstadt?  Nor  should  we  omit 
to  add  the  names  of  Nausea,  the  successor  of 
Faber  in  the  See  of  Vienna,  a  preacher  and 
controvertist,  who  died  at  Trent  during  the 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  93 

session  of  the  Council,  in  1552 ;  of  Julius 
Pflug,  Bishop  of  Naumburg,  the  friend  of 
Canisius  and  partaker  of  his  labors  :  few  more  of 
note  can  be  discovered,  at  a  time  when  Catho- 
lic Europe  was  adorned  with  persons  who  to 
piety  united  profound  learning.  Germany 
being  comparatively  destitute  of  theologians, 
her  sovereigns  and  bishops  sought  in  foreign 
lands  for  those  who  might  fitly  represent  them 
at  the  general  council.  The  Duke  of  Bavaria 
selected  Father  Covillon,  a  Belgian  Jesuit; 
the  Bishop  of  Augsburg,  in  place  of  Father 
Lefebvre,  his  first  choice,  appointed  Fathers 
Le  Jay,  Olave  and  Canisius.  The  Archbishop 
of  Saltzburg  chose,  as  his  theologian,  the  Do- 
minican Ninguarda,  of  Milan,  and  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Prague  fixed  upon  Elyseus  Capys, 
of  Venice.*  Such  was  the  religious  desolation 
of  Germany,  that  in  1551,  when  Canisius  ar- 
rived at  Vienna,  although  that  See  had  been 
filled  by  the  pious  and  learned  Faber  and 
Nausea,  more  than  twenty  years  had  elapsed 

*  On  the  other  hand,  no  Prince  or  Bishop,  outside  of 
Germany,  nor  the  Pope,  nor  the  Emperor  himself,  deputed 
any  German  theologian ;  and  of  about  three  hundred  and 
sixty  doctors,  who  took  part  in  the  Council,  only  ten 
were  Germans  ! 


94  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

since  the  University  had  presented  a  candidate 
worthy  of  promotion  to  holy  orders. 

It  is  not  surprising,  then,  that  the  Jesuits 
had  no  sooner  set  foot  on  German  soil,  than 
their  presence  was  everywhere  demanded  to 
rekindle  the  light  of  science  in  the  universi- 
ties, and  particularly  to  revive  theological 
studies.  Cardinal  Truchses,  Bishop  of  Augs- 
burg, desired  to  bring  back  his  University  of 
Dillingen  to  the  primitive  object  of  its  institu- 
tion. To  effect  this,  he  had  at  first  procured 
the  aid  of  the  celebrated  Dominican,  Peter  de 
Soto.  But  De  Soto  was  soon  summoned  to 
England,  which  country  he  left  for  Trent, 
where  he  died  in  1562.  Deprived  of  his  assis- 
tance, and  not  finding  around  him  theologians 
capable  of  co-operating  in  his  designs,  he 
adopted  a  decisive  course;  he  dismissed  the 
whole  corps  of  Professors,  and  placed  the  Uni- 
versity under  the  control  of  the  Jesuits.  A 
definite  arrangement  on  the  subject  was  con- 
cluded at  Botzen  between  the  German  and 
Italian  commissaries  of  the  Cardinal  and  the 
representatives  of  the  Society.  In  1563  the 
Jesuits  arrived  at  Dillingen  and  took  posses- 
sion of  the  chairs. 

In  the  same  manner  the  Jesuits  acquired 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  95 

the  University  of  Ingolstadt,  whose  annals 
will  furnish  us  with  the  details.  "  His  Serene 
Highness,  the  Duke  of  Bavaria,  finding  that 
such  was  the  decline  of  theological  learning 
since  the  death  of  Eck,  that  scarcely  one  able 
Professor  remained,  wrote  this  year  to  the 
Sovereign  Pontiff,  Paul  III,  to  desire  him  to 
send  from  Italy  to  the  University,  which  he 
wished  to  reform  and  provide  with  superior 
Professors,  skilful  and  experienced  theologians, 
to  supply  a  want  much  felt  in  those  times 
of  religious  revolution.  The  duty  of  comply- 
ing with  this  request  devolved  upon  Cardinal 
Alexander  Farnese,  the  Pope's  nephew,  who 
procured  from  Ignatius  of  Loyola,  the  founder 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  the  destination  of 
three  theologians  to  Bavaria.  These  were 
Peter  Canisius,  Claude  Le  Jay,  and  Alphonso 
Salmeron."*  These,  with  Gaudan,  Luke  Pi- 
nelli,  Covillon,  Alphonso  de  Pisa,  Jerome  de 

*  Armales  Ingolstadiensis  Academise  inchoati  a  Valen- 
tino Rotmaro  et  Joanne  Engerdo,  etc.  4  vol.  in  4to,  1782; 
t.  i,  p.  208. 

Rotmar  thus  terminates  his  eulogy  on  Canisius,  who 
arrived  at  Ingolstadt  in  1549,  and  was  appointed  Rector  the 
following  year:  "Ego  unum  dixero:  Lumen  est  nostro 
tempore  inter  doctores  Ecclesise."  (T.  i;  p.  215.) 


96  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

Torres,  and  the  famous  Gregory  de  Valentia, 
all  of  foreign  birth,  were  the  first  Jesuits  who 
composed  the  faculty  of  Ingolstadt.  The 
Germans  do  not  appear  until  later :  the  first 
was  Thyreus,  who  had  been  educated  at  the 
Germanic  College  ;  then  Tanner,Laymann,  and 
others,  whose  names  are  yet  illustrious  in  the 
annals  of  theology.  "There  were  remaining 
among  us,"  says  Ranke,  "  few  believers  in  the 
Papal  tenets,  when  the  Jesuits  came  to  re-es- 
tablish the  faith  of  Rome.  And  of  what  coun- 
try were  these,  the  first  of  their  order  among 
us  ?  They  were  natives  of  Spain,  Italy,  the 
Netherlands.  For  a  long  time  even  the  name 
of  their  Society  was  unknown,  and  they  were 
styled  the  Spanish  priests.  They  filled  the 
Chairs  of  the  Universities,  and  there  met  with 
disciples  willing  to  embrace  their  faith.  Ger- 
many has  no  part  in  them ;  their  doctrines, 
their  constitutions,  had  been  completed  and 
reduced  to  form  before  they  appeared  in  our 
midst.  We  may  then  regard  the  progress  of 
their  institute  here,  as  a  new  participation 
of  Roman  Europe  in  German  Europe.  They 
have  defeated  us  on  our  own  soil,  and  wrested 
from  us  a  share  of  our  fatherland."* 

*  History  of  the  Papacy,  t.  iii,  p.  44. 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  97 

2.  Such  was  the  state  of  Germany  at  the  arri- 
val of  the  Jesuits.  The  next  subject  that 
presents  itself  for  our  investigation  is  what 
they  accomplished  there,  what  services  they 
rendered  to  education  and  religion.  What 
was  the  general  result  of  their  labors,  Kanke 
has  already  told  us.  Lefebvre  came  first. 
Foreseeing  that  the  conference  at  Worms,  to 
which  he  had  been  sent,  would  be  unattended 
by  any  desirable  result,  he  betook  himself  to 
an  occupation  of  brighter  promise.  He  re- 
forms the  clergy,  whose  relaxed  morals  had 
contributed,  more  than  the  exertions  of  the 
Lutherans,  to  the  progress  of  heresy.  His  suc- 
cess- at  Worms  was  complete.  Spire,  Ratis- 
bon,  and  Nuremberg  are  successively  the 
scenes  of  his  apostolic  triumphs.  Upon  his 
going  into  Spain,  he  was  succeeded  by  Le  Jay 
and  Bobadilla,  who  continued  the  work  of  re- 
generating clergy  and  people.  The  Bishops 
regards  the  words  of  Le  Jay  as  oracular.  Le- 
febvre returns  from  Spain  and  resumes  his 
former  occupations.  Mentz  reaps  the  fruit  of 
his  zeal,  where  he  adds  Canisius  to  the  So- 
ciety ;  and  Cologne  is  preserved  from  imitating 
the  apostacy  of  its  Archbishop.  At  the  latter 
place  he  leaves  Canisius  with  a  number  of  his 


98  TJIE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

brethren  to  complete  his  labors.  Canisius 
afterwards  goes  to  Vienna,  where,  as  we  have 
seen,  no  ordination  had  taken  place  for  twenty 
years.  But  the  sanctuary  is  now  no  longer  a 
desert,  and  the  people  once  more  listen  to  the 
pure  teachings  of  Catholic  faith.  He  himself 
instructs  them  in  the  tenets  of  our  holy  re- 
ligion, and  to  facilitate  their  acquisition,  com- 
poses his  celebrated  catechism,which  has  passed 
through  five  hundred  editions.  At  the  same 
time,  his  was  the  guiding  spirit  of  all  the  diets, 
he  is  charged  with  various  nunciatures,  carries 
on  the  warfare  with  the  heretics,  and  replies 
to  the  centuriators  of  Magdeburg.  The  slum- 
bering faith  of  princes  and  clergy  is  awakened, 
and  the  Jesuits  are  everywhere  called  for. 
To  respond  to  these  demands,  they  seem  gifted 
with  ubiquity.  They  are  laboring  everywhere, 
and  everywhere  are  their  labors  successful. 
"  How  wonderful  a  progress,"  exclaims  Ranke, 
"  and  in  so  short  a  time !  In  1552,  the  Jesuits 
had  no  fixed  residence  in  Germany;  in  1566, 
we  encounter  them  in  Bavaria,  among  the 
Tyrolese,  in  Franconia,  and  Suabia ;  they  have 
spread  over  a  great  part  of  the  provinces  of  the 
Rhine  and  Austria;  they  have  penetrated  into 
Hungary,  Bohemia,  and  Moravia.  The  effects 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  99 

of  their  presence  are  soon  perceptible.  In 
1561,  the  Papal  Nuncio  informs  us,  that  they 
had  made  many  conversions,  and  rendered  in- 
finite service  to  the  Holy  See.  This  was  the 
first  durable  anti-protestant  impulse  communi- 
cated to  Germany."* 

Thus  it  was  that  the  Jesuits  stemmed  the  tor- 
rent of  victorious  Protestantism,  and  turned  it 
back  to  its  Northern  source  :  from  it  whole  na- 
tions were  rescued,  and  restored  to  the  bosom  of 
the  Church.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Bohemian  no- 
bility, the  burgrave  John  de  Lobkowitz  was 
heard  to  exclaim  :  "  If  this  society  had  been 
instituted  one  century  sooner,  and  had  then 
found  its  way  into  Bohemia,  the  very  name  of 
Protestantism  would  have  been  unknown !" 
Thus,  too,  the  Duke  of  Bavaria  acknowledged, 
when  committing  a  college  to  their  care,  that 
it  was  to  a  great  degree  to  the  Jesuits,  that 
Bavaria  owed  the  revival  of  the  ancient  faith, 
which  had  suffered  so  much  from  the  evils  of 
the  day.  The  results  of  their  exertions  were 
so  apparent  that  they  could  not  escape  the 
observation  of  the  most  casual  observer,  and 
were  remarked  by  the  sceptical  Montaigne 

*  History  of  the  Papacy,  t.  iii,  p.  39. 


100  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

himself.  "  I  am  of  opinion,"  says  he, "  that  there 
never  appeared  among  us  a  body  of  men,  who 
have  held  so  high  a  rank,  or  effected  so  much. 
If  they  do  not  relax  in  the  prosecution  of  their 
plans,  they  will  very  shortly  gain  a  dominant 
position  throughout  Christendom.  Their  order 
is  a  seminary  of  men  illustrious  in  every  career, 
and  from  them  the  heretics  of  our  times  have 
more- to  fear  than  from  any  other  members  of 
the  Church."*  That  the  Jesuits  took  the  lead 
in  this  Catholic  movement  is  so  incontestably 
true,  that  even  their  enemies  do  not  attempt 
to  gainsay  it.  "  After  God,"  it  is  the  avowal 
of  Caspar  Schopp,  one  of  their  most  deter- 
mined adversaries,  "  to  the  Society  of  Jesus  do 
we  owe  it,  that  the  Catholic  religion  was  not 
exterminated."f  And  after  the  interval  of 
two  hundred  years,  Ranke,  with  that  candor 
that  does  him  honor  and  makes  his  statements 
so  trustworthy,  attributes  to  the  Jesuits  the 
Catholic  reaction  in  Germany  and  the  resto- 
ration of  the  true  faith.  "  In  Poland,"  says 
he,  "  the  Jesuit  schools  were  frequented  princi- 

*  Voyages  de  Montaigne  en  Allemagne  et   en   Italic, 
etc.  p.  666.   fidit.  du  Pantheon. 

f  In  notis  ad  Poggianum,  t.  iv,  p.  423. 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  101 

pally  by  the  young  nobility,  who  themselves 
undertook  to  spread  the  faith  among  the  lower 
orders  in  cities  yet  remaining  true  to  the  Pro- 
testant cause.  But  Catholicity  exerted  its  chief 
influence  on  the  higher  classes.  Four  hundred 
students,  all  of  the  nobility,  filled  the  College 
of  Pultovsk.  The  tendency  of  the  times,  the 
teaching  of  the  Jesuits,  the  newly-aroused  zeal 
of  the  clergy ;  all  these  concurred  to  dispose 
the  Polish  nobility  to  re-enter  the  Church."* 
But  in  the  provinces  of  Germany  the  progress  of 
this  counter-reformation  was  still  more  percep- 
tible. "  The  rapid,  yet  permanent  change," 
continues  Ranke,  "  which  took  place  in  these 
countries  was  most  remarkable.  Shall  we 
say  that  Protestantism  was  not  deeply  rooted  in 
the  affections  of  the  people,  or  shall  we  attri- 
bute this  revolution  to  the  skilful  propagand- 
ism  of  the  Jesuits  ?  It  must  be  confessed  that 
they  lacked  neither  zeal  nor  prudence.  You 
will  see  them  extending  their  labors  succes- 
sively to  all  the  places  in  the  vicinity  of  their 
establishments,  seducing  and  gaining  over  the 
masses.  Their  churches  are  always  thronged. 
Is  there  anywhere  found  a  Lutheran,  skilled 

*  History  of  the  Papacy,  t.  iv,  p.  13. 
9* 


102  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

in  his  Bible,  who,  by  his  teachings,  acquires 
some  influence  over  his  neighbors  ?  They  use 
every  means  to  obtain  his  conversion,  and  so 
habituated  are  they  to  polemic  discussions, 
that  they  rarely  fail.  They  devote  them- 
selves to  the  offices  of  charity,  they  heal  the 
sick,  they  reconcile  enemies,  and  strengthen 
in  their  faith,  by  the  contraction  of  new  obli- 
gations, those  whom  they  have  succeeded  in 
reclaiming.  Under  their  banners  the  faithful 
are  seen  to  flock  to  the  places  of  pilgrimage  ; 
and  those  now  join  in  these  processions,  who 
were  awhile  before  regarded  as  steadfast 
Protestants."* 

In  the  same  part  of  his  work,  the  Lutheran 
doctor  speaks  of  the  glory  the  Jesuits  ac- 
quired in  training  up  not  only  ecclesiastical 
princes,  but  temporal  rulers,  who  became  so 
many  apostles  devoted  to  the  cause  of  Catholic 
restoration.  We  may  then  conclude  that  for 
the  preservation  of  the  faith  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  the  provinces  of  the  Rhine,  Hungary, 
Austria,  and  Poland,  are  chiefly  indebted  to 
the  Society  of  Jesus.  The  same  important 
services  were  performed  by  it  down  to  the 

*Ibid.  p.  49. 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  103 

middle  of  the  seventeenth  century  ;  and  when 
the  treaty  of  Westphalia,  by  its  concessions 
to  Protestantism,  shackled  the  advancing 
strides  of  Catholicity  in  Germany,  the  Jesuits 
did  not  despair  of  the  future  triumph  of  truth ; 
they  continued  to  battle  successfully  by  mul- 
tiplying schools,  and  by  announcing  the  salu- 
tary teachings  of  religion. 

From  some  of  the  particulars  we  have  al- 
ready recorded,  it  may  have  been  inferred 
that  it  was  not  only  by  the  apostleship  and 
the  fatigues  of  the  sacred  ministry,  nor  even 
by  controversial  disputes,  that  they  sought  to 
retain  the  faithful  and  reclaim  the  wandering ; 
their  schools  and  the  instruction  of  youth 
were  the  chief  means  they  made  use  of  for 
preserving  and  propagating  the  faith. 

First  of  all,  those  destined  for  the  sanctuary 
received  their  attention,  and  a  German  clergy 
was  formed.  How  many  men  of  learning 
came  forth  from  their  schools,  we  shall  exa- 
mine hereafter ;  now,  it  will  suffice  to  notice 
the  outpouring  tide  of  pious  and  zealous  priests, 
apostles,  who  spread  themselves  over  every 
country  of  Germany,  to  bring  back  the  people 
to  the  dominion  of  faith  and  virtue.  Father 
Theiner,  in  the  year  1833,  thus  addressed  the 


104  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

Bishops  of  Germany,  in  his  Institutions  of 
Ecclesiastical  Education.*  "  May  this  work 
teach  you  to  appreciate  properly  the  services 
rendered  by  a  celebrated  society  to  the  educa- 
tion of  youth,  and  to  the  clergy  in  general. 
By  the  aid  of  this  distinguished  order,  our 
ancestors  kept  the  deposit  of  faith  undimi- 
nished,  and  the  light  of  science  undimmed. 
For  these  great  benefits,  what  a  debt  of  grati- 
tude does  not  Germany  owe  the  Jesuits!" 
Thus,  according  to  Father  Theiner,  not  only 
the  virtues  proper  to  the  ecclesiastical  state, 
but  the  sciences,  too,  were  planted  by  their 
Jesuit  instructors  in  the  bosoms  of  the  German 
clergy.  But  were  it  true  that  they  had  con- 
tracted the  scope  of  their  labors  to  the  forma- 
tion of  watchful  sentinels  to  protect  the  cita- 
del of  faith,  of  valiant  champions  to  oppose 
error  and  maintain  the  truth,  of  virtuous  and 
holy  priests  to  stop  the  progress  of  a  flood, 
which  was  sweeping  off  nations,  should  we 
not  say,  that  they  had  conferred  an  inestimable 
benefit  upon  Germany,  and  nobly  fulfilled  the 
mission,  wherewith  Providence  would  seem  to 
have  charged  them  ?  What  matters  it  then, 
if  a  greater  or  less  number  of  scholars  issued 

*  Tom.  i,  p.  165. 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GEEMANY.  105 

from  the  Jesuit  schools ;  or,  in  either  supposi- 
tion, what  conclusion  will  you  draw  to  their 
disparagement?  We  do  not  now  speak  of 
men  of  genius.  "  Genius/'  as  De  Maistre  very 
justly  remarks,  "is  not  the  production  of 
schools;  it  is  not  acquired,  it  is  innate;  it 
recognizes  no  obligation  to  man ;  its  gratitude 
is  due  to  the  creative  power  of  God."*  "It 
would  be  as  silly,"  continues  the  same  dis- 
tinguished writer,  "to  do  homage  to  the  Jesuits 
for  the  genius  of  Descartes,  Bossuet,  and  Conde, 
as  to  crown  Port  Royal  with  the  glories  of 
Pascal  and  Racine."  We  speak  only  of  men, 
who,  with  ordinary  abilities,  by  dint  of  labor 
and  the  opportunity  of  leisure,  arrive  at  an 
eminent  position  in  science.  Is  there  any 
man,  who  does  not  see,  that  neither  the  learn- 
ing nor  the  zeal  of  the  instructor  suffices  for 
the  production  of  even  such  as  these  ?  The 
acquisition  of  learning  demands  time,  the  will 
to  acquire  it,  and  that  stubbornness  of  perseve- 
rance, which  some  do  not  distinguish,  in  its 
effects,  from  genius.  But  in  the  agitated  state 
of  Germany,  then,  when  it  was  requisite  to  be 
ever  on  the  alert  to  resist  incessant  assaults, 
to  watch  over  nations  with  unslumbering  vigi- 

*  De  I'feglise  Gallicane,  liv.  i,  ch.  v. 


106  THE    JESUITS  *IN    GERMANY. 

lance  in  order  to  prevent  their  defection,  to 
encourage  them  by  words  of  exhortation,  to 
strengthen  them  by  the  sacraments,  in  a  word 
to  multiply  themselves  with  the  multiplied 
dangers  and  wants  of  the  Catholic  cause, 
where  find  the  leisure,  the  tranquillity,  and 
patient  study,  which  science  exacts  of  her 
votaries?  And  has  not  the  same  reason  been 
repeatedly  given,  and  as  often  received  as 
satisfactory,  to  explain  the  inferiority  of  our 
present  clergy,  when  compared  with  their  pre- 
decessors of  the  seventeenth  century ;  and  has 
any  one  dreamed  of  imputing  it  to  any  lack 
of  zeal  on  the  part  of  the  Bishops,  or  learning 
and  industry  in  the  professors  of  our  semi- 
naries ? 

The  assertion  that  Germany  counted  no 
great  men,  outside  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  is 
by  no  means  true.  Father  Theiner  has  pub- 
lished a  catalogue  of  students,  of  the  Germanic 
College  at  Rome,  founded  by  St.  Ignatius  of 
Loyola.  Now  among  these  students,  Germans, 
almost  without  exception,  down  to  the  end  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  there  had  been  one 
Pope,  Gregory  XV,  twenty-four  Cardinals,  six 
Electors  of  the  Empire,  nineteen  princes, 
twenty-one  archbishops,  one  hundred  and 


THE    JESUITS     IN    GERMANY.  107 

twenty-one  titular  bishops,  one  hundred  bishops 
in  partibus  infidelium,  six  abbots  or  generals 
of  religious  orders,  eleven  martyrs  for  the 
faith,  thirteen  martys  of  charity,  besides  fifty- 
five,  adds  Father  Theiner,  conspicuous  for 
piety  and  learning.  He  remarks,  also,  that 
among  these  men,  all  distinguished  in  their 
day,  several,  bishops,  priests,  or  religious,  were 
writers  of  merit.  In  this  number  may  be 
cited  John  Kery,  successively  Bishop  of  Sir- 
mich  and  Veitsen,  a  philosopher  and  historian ; 
Andrew  lilies,  Bishop  of  Transylvania ;  Peter 
Binsfeld,  coadjutor  of  Treves;  Sigismund 
Zeller,  coadj  utor  of  Freissingen ;  John  Vano- 
viczy,  Bishop  of  Scardona;  Victor  Miletus, 
Canon  of  Breslau ;  Gerard  Vossius,  Prevost  of 
Tongres,  learned  in  the  Greek  and  Latin 
languages,  the  first  to  ransack  the  libraries  of 
Kome,  and  to  translate  into  Latin  many 
writings  of  the  Greek  Fathers ;  Gaspar  Mal- 
lechich,  Prior-General  of  the  order  of  St.  Paul ; 
John  Gothard,  Canon  of  Passau ;  Robert  Tur- 
ner, a  learned  professor  of  the  University  of 
Ingolstadt;  Matthias  Faber,  a  celebrated 
preacher,  at  first  a  curate,  but  finally  a  Jesuit; 
Andrew  Fornerus,  Canon  of  "Wurtzburg ;  Fer- 
dinand Grieskirker,  a  celebrated  writer,  says 


108  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

Theiner;  Peter  Bolla,  Marquard  Hergoth, 
Frederic  Forner,  Barthel,  Michael  Ignatius 
Schmidt,  and  many  others. 

Thus  was  Germany  committing  the  charge 
of  her  youth  to  the  Germanic  College,  and 
thus  were  they  returned  to  her  learned  and 
virtuous  priests.  By  the  purity  and  modesty 
of  their  lives,  they  answered  the  calumnies  of 
heretics  against  the  morals  of  the  clergy  and 
ecclesiastical  celibacy ;  by  their  devotion  at  the 
altar,  they  atoned  to  the  sacred  mysteries  of 
our  religion  for  the  insults  to  which  the  irre- 
verence of  unworthy  priests  had  exposed 
them ;  by  their  moderation  and  disinterested 
spirit,  they  protested  against  the  reproach  that 
the  clergy  aimed  at  riches  and  pleasures  only ; 
by  their  knowledge  they  dissipated  the  suspi- 
cion of  ignorance,  under  which  they  labored, 
and  made  the  innovators  more  wary  in  offering 
those  challenges  to  disputes,  in  which  they 
had  been  accustomed  to  defy  their  opponents 
to  solve  their  subtle  objections.  We  may 
then  readily  conceive,  with  what  affectionate 
admiration  Germany  viewed  the  College,  and 
with  what  entire  confidence  she  intrusted  to 
it  not  only  her  favorite  children,  but  even  the 
scions  of  her  most  illustrious  families,  such  as 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  109 

the  Ferdinands  of  Bavaria,  the  Counts  of  Har- 
rach,  the  Dietrichsteins,  the  Thuns,  the  Furs- 
tembergs,  the  Metternichs,  the  Esterhazys,  the 
Frankenbergs,  the  Waldsteins,  the  Margraves 
of  Baden,  the  Wartenbergs,  the  Holsteins. 

It  was  not  in  the  Germanic  College  alone 
that  the  Jesuits  formed  to  science  the  youth 
who  aspired  to  the  priesthood  :  the  same  la- 
bors occupied  them  throughout  all  Catholic 
Germany,  and  everywhere  they  were  equally 
fruitful.  "  To  bring  their  Universities  to  the 
highest  degree  of  excellence,"  says  Kanke, 
"was  the  object  of  their  greatest  solicitude. 
They  aimed  at  rivalling  the  most  celebrated 
schools  of  the  Protestants.  The  ancient  lan- 
guages, at  that  time,  attracted  chief  attention 
in  scientific  culture.  To  these  then  did  they 
devote  themselves,  and  soon  the  Jesuit  profes- 
sors were  worthy  of  being  compared  with  even 
the  mighty  restorers  of  ancient  literature. 
The  other  sciences  were  not,  however,  ne- 
glected ;  at  Cologne,  Francis  Koster  lectured  on 
Astronomy,  to  the  delight  as  well  as  the  in- 
struction of  his  hearers.  But  theology  was 
their  peculiar  province :  to  this  they  applied 
themselves  with  unsurpassed  industry :  no 

day  was  exempt  from  some  theological  exer- 

10 


110  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

else.  They  resumed  the  custom  of  holding 
public  disputes,  without  which,  they  asserted, 
the  study  of  theology  would  be  devoid  of  life 
and  spirit.  The  exercises  were  conducted  in 
so  urbane,  agreeable,  instructive,  and  brilliant 
a  manner,  as  to  afford  unprecedented  satisfac- 
tion. The  public  were  soon  convinced  that, 
in  theology  at  least,  the  Catholic  University 
of  Ingolstadt  could  vie  with  the  best  of  the 
German  schools  of  learning.  Ingolstadt  itself 
became  the  centre  of  Catholic  influence,  as 
Wittenberg  and  Geneva  had  been  the  seats  of 
Protestantism."* 

Is  it  credible  that  with  such  a  system  of 
teaching,  the  Jesuits  should  have  produced, 
among  the  secular  clergy,  no  remarkable  men? 
Without  doubt,  and  we  have  already  admitted 
it,  they  sought  to  train  up  priests,  who  should 
be  pious,  zealous,  and  sufficiently  instructed, 
rather  than  to  form  profound  scholars ;  and, 
in  fact,  we  find,  that  from  their  entrance  into 
Germany  down  to  their  suppression,  there 
issued  from  their  schools  numbers  of  virtuous 
prelates,  whose  heroic  perfection  prompted 
them  to  become  the  martyrs  of  faith  and 

*  T.  Ui,  p.  40. 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  Ill 

charity.*  Meanwhile,  however,  we  must  not 
be  understood  as  conceding  that  they  were 
neglectful  of  the  interests  of  learning.  It  is 
urged  that  at  the  date  of  their  dissolution, 
though  they  had  been  intrusted  with  the  ex- 
clusive education  of  the  Catholic  youth,  they 
had  omitted  to  form  men  capable  of  replacing 
them,  or  even  of  sharing  with  them  in  the 
office  of  instructing.  The  objection  is  not 
new ;  it  is  borrowed  from  the  Jansenist  editors 
of  the  Nouvelles  EccUsiastiques.  But  what  do 
the  objectors  require?  Was  it  the  duty  of 
the  Jesuits  to  act  the  part  of  directors  of  nor- 
mal schools,  and  to  devote  themselves  to  the 
training  up  of  teachers  and  professors  ?  Should 
they  have  occupied  themselves  with  these 
cares,  when  they  themselves  filled  almost 

*  To  confine  ourselves  to  the  very  times  of  the  suppres- 
sion, we  may  enumerate,  with  Father  Theiner  (Inst.  Eccl. 
Educ.  t.  ii),  the  Cardinals  Migazzi,  Archbishop  of  Vienna ; 
Frankenberg,  Archbishop  of  Mechlin,  one  of  the  most 
illustrious  prelates  of  the  eighteenth  century;  Prince  Es- 
terhazy,  Bishop  of  Agram,  in  Hungary,  a  man  of  apostolic 
virtue ;  Kerens,  at  first  a  Jesuit,  then  Bishop  of  Neustadt, 
all  pious  and  zealous  prelates,  who  strenuously  opposed  the 
schismatical  projects  of  Joseph  II,  and  saved  the  Catholic 
faith  in  Belgium  and  Germany.  See  Picot,  Memoirs  for 
an  Eccl.  Hist.  t.  iv,  p.  489. 


112  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

every  chair  of  importance,  when  they  found 
it  so  easy  to  keep  up  the  succession  of  teachers 
from  among  their  own  body,  and  when  they 
could  have  had  no  reason  to  apprehend  those 
violent  and  iniquitous  measures,  which  would, 
at  a  future  day,  drive  them  from  their  posts  ? 
There  might  have  existed,  there  really  did 
exist,  among  those  who  had  been  the  pupils 
of  the  Jesuits,  a  multitude  of  men,  who  were 
well  informed,  but  nevertheless  unqualified 
for  professorships  :  that  office,  in  addition  to 
knowledge,  demands  a  special  aptitude,  a  uni- 
formity of  system,  and,  above  all,  a  long  ex- 
perience. Even  if  men  with  all  these  requi- 
sites had  abounded,  still  it  would  have  been 
difficult  to  provide  for  their  salaries  and  sup- 
port in  that  liberal  scale,  which  their  abilities 
would  give  them  a  right  to  demand.  Jesuit 
teaching  was  so  cheap  in  comparison,  that 
the  revenues,  which  at  Bourges  had  suf- 
ficed for  the  support  of  thirty  Jesuits,  after 
the  dissolution  of  the  Society  scarcely  afforded 
an  adequate  compensation  for  ten  secular  pro- 
fessors. These  considerations  had  not  escaped 
the  observation  of  the  sagacious  Frederick  II, 
who  thus  expresses  himself  in  his  instructions 
to  the  agent  appointed  to  negotiate  with  Pius 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  113 

VI  on  retaining  the  Jesuits  in  his  states : 
"  The  surest  means  (to  perpetuate  a  series 
of  professors)  is  to  preserve  a  seminary  of 
men  destined  to  teach.  In  studying  the 
sciences,  they  fit  themselves  for  the  office 
of  instructing.  It  would  be  no  easy  task  to 
fill  instantaneously  a  vacancy  left  by  a  skil- 
ful professor,  by  making  a  selection  from 
among  men  of  other  occupations,  whose  habits 
of  life  are  so  different.  If  the  education  of 
ordinary  citizens  be  necessary,  the  training  up 
of  instructors  must  be  no  less  so.  Besides, 
there  are  reasons  of  economy  for  preferring 
such  a  body  of  men  to  mere  secular  indi- 
viduals. The  professor,  taken  from  the  latter 
class  will  cost  more,  because  he  has  a  greater 
number  of  wants.  It  is  needless  to  remark 
that  the  property  of  the  Jesuits  would  not  be 
sufficient  to  remunerate  their  successors ;  and 
that  revenues  which  pass  over  to  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  government,  always  suffer  dimi- 
nution."* 

3.  We  have  seen  the  condition  in  which 
the  Jesuits  found  Germany,  we  have  seen, 
too,  what  they  accomplished  within  her  limits : 
to  complete  this  chapter,  it  only  remains  for 

*  Collombet  Hist,  de  la  Supp.  torn.  ii;  p.  194. 
10* 


114  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

us  to  investigate  her  state,  when  they  were 
driven  from  her  soil. 

At  their  coming,  we  have  said,  Germany 
was  of  all  Catholic  countries  in  Europe  the 
most  destitute  of  theologians.  At  their  de- 
parture, there  was  no  country  in  Europe,  with 
the  exception  perhaps  of  Italy,  where  sacred 
studies,  the  interpretation  of  Scripture,  theo- 
logy, canon  law,  flourished  with  more  life  and 
vigor.  That  this  assertion  will  be  styled 
paradoxical,  is  what  we  have  anticipated  :  but 
we  shall  prove  its  truth.  In  the  middle  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  particularly  in  Ger- 
many, who  thence  dates  the  birth  of  her 
literature,  attention  was  diverted  from  other 
pursuits,  and  turned  to  the  cultivation  of 
poetry.  Hence  the  number  of  great  poets 
since,  whose  labors  were  more  dazzling  than 
occupations  not  appealing  to  general  sympa- 
thy, and  hidden  in  the  solitude  of  literary 
retirement.  Then,  too,  the  minds  of  men 
sought  for  nothing  but  glittering  novelties, 
aspired  only  to  an  imaginary  future,  and  cast 
a  look  of  disdain,  if  they  vouchsafed  a  glance 
at  all,  on  studies  which  inclosed  -  themselves 
in  the  calm  shrine  of  the  majestic  past,  where 
religious  truth  has  fixed  her  abode.  Then 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  115 

came  the  Revolution,  with  its  mighty  surge, 
spreading  itself  over  the  monuments  of  former 
ages,  and  almost  obliterating  their  traces. 

Let  us  pass  along  the  scene  of  devastation, 
and  seek  to  detect  some  vestiges,  perchance 
yet  remaining  :  and  first  outside  of  the  Society 
of  Jesus.  The  name  of  Foster,  or  Froben,  of 
the  Order  of  St.  Benedict,  immediately  pre- 
sents itself.  He  was  professor  of  Philosophy 
and  Holy  Scripture  at  the  University  of  Salz- 
burg, and  the  Abbey  of  St.  Emmeran,  where  he 
was  elected  Prior  in  1750,  and  Prince- Abbot  in 
1762.  From  this  time  until  his  death,  in 
1791,  he  encouraged  in  his  own  abbey  the 
cultivation  of  the  science  that  had  been  the 
object  of  his  predilection,  and  to  whose  honor 
the  profound  learning  displayed  in  his  own 
writings  had  not  a  little  contributed.  Then 
comes  George  Christopher  Neller,  whose  theses, 
embracing  the  whole  circle  of  the  sciences, 
sustained  with  brilliant  success,  when  he  was 
but  twenty-two  years  of  age,  were  abundantly 
sufficient  to  supersede  the  necessity  of  further 
proof  of  learning,  and  merited  for  him  the 
title  of  Doctor  of  Theology.  Already  known 
to  fame  by  the  various  stations  he  had  adorned, 
and  the  remarkable  works  he  had  produced, 


116  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

Neller  was  chosen  professor  of  canon  and  civil 
law  at  the  University  of  Treves,  where  he 
died  in  1783,  after  having  published  a  great 
number  of  critical  and  learned  dissertations. 
Neller's  professor  at  the  University  of  Wurts- 
burg  was  John  Gaspar  Barthel,  who,  in 
that  principality,  had  filled  successively  all 
the  dignities,  to  which  a  secular  ecclesiastic 
was  eligible.*  Barthel  was  one  of  the  best 
canonists  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  was 
still  more  celebrated  for  his  ardent  zeal  for 
the  Holy  See,  and  his  strenuous  opposition  to 
Protestantism.  He  reformed  the  system  of 
teaching  canon  law,  and  whilst  he  retained 
the  general  principles  of  the  science,  he  re- 
duced it  to  a  form  in  accordance  with  the  po- 
litical constitution  of  Germany.  He  died  in 
1771.  We  may  pass  with  greater  rapidity 
over  the  names  of  Hermann  Scholliner,  who, 
after  having  professed  theology  with  distinc- 
tion, was  appointed  Director-General  of  Studies 
among  the  Bavarian  Benedictines,  and  chosen, 
in  place  of  Pfeffel,  for  the  task  of  preparing 
for  publication  the  Monumenta  Boica;  of  Bene- 
dict Oberhauser,  of  the  same  order,  who  died 

*  Barthel  was  educated  by  the  Jesuits.     So  also  very 
probably  were  many  other  theologians  of  his  times. 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  117 

in  1786,  a  good  theologian  and  profound 
canonist,  but  who  unfortunately  embraced  the 
tenets  of  Febronius;  of  Martin  Gerbert,  also 
a  Benedictine,  whose  death  took  place  in 
1793,  an  opponent  of  the  same  doctrines,  dis- 
tinguished for  the  extensive  and  varied  erudi- 
tion displayed  in  his  works ;  of  George  Lien- 
hart,  less  illustrious  for  his  birth  than  for  his 
learning;  of  Paulinus  Erdt,  a  Franciscan,  who 
zealously  combated  infidelity  until  his  death 
in  1800 ;  and  of  Antony  Goritz,  a  Capuchin, 
who  died  in  1784,  the  author  of  several  learned 
works  on  Moral  Theology,  and  on  the  monu- 
ments of  sacred  and  profane  antiquity. 

The  list  would  be  still  further  prolonged,  if 
we  were  willing  to  admit  into  it  the  names  of 
many  other  theologians  of  talent,  who,  being 
seduced  by  motives  of  ambition,  adopted  the 
new  ideas ;  such  were  Stock  and  Kautten- 
strauch,  of  whom  we  shall  speak  when  treating 
of  the  reform  of  the  Universities ;  the  Bene- 
dictines Danzer  and  Braun ;  Dereser,  the  dis- 
calceate  Carmelite,  better  known  by  the  name 
of  Thaddeus  of  St.  Adam;  Eulogius  Schneider, 
educated  by  the  Jesuits  at  Wurtsburg,  a 
preacher  at  Augsburg  and  Stuttgard,  professor 


118  THE    JESUITS     IN    GERMANY. 

at  Bonn,  then  an  ardent  revolutionist  in 
France,  where  he  was  beheaded  in  1794. 

Meanwhile  we  purposely  conceal  from  view 
the  most  dazzling  part  of  our  picture ;  for 
however  flourishing  the  state  of  sacred  science 
among  the  secular  clergy,  and  among  other 
religious  orders,  the  Society  of  Jesus  still 
retains  the  pre-eminence  in  the  number  and  in 
the  fame  of  her  scholars. 

But  the  plan  we  have  marked  out  for  our- 
selves, compels  us  to  defer  this  subject  to  a  more 
appropriate  occasion,  when  we  ^hall  treat  of 
the  scientific  state  of  the  Jesuits  at  the  time 
of  the  suppression,  and  of  the  reform  effected 
in  the  German  Universities.  We  shall  then 
be  the  better  able  to  judge  of  the  truth  of  the 
assertion,  that  Germany  then  had  no  profound 
theologians,  no  learned  canonists,  none  skilful 
in  exegetics,  no  eloquent  apologists ;  and  we 
shall  see  if  Germany  of  that  century  be  inferior 
to  Germany  of  the  times  of  the  General 
Council.  We  shall  also  see  if  it  be  true  that 
the  Jesuits  during  the  last  years  of  their  ex- 
istence, had  lost  in  the  Empire,  even  to  a 
greater  extent  than  in  France,  a  portion  of 
their  primitive  vigor,  and  that  their  professors 
were  no  longer  above  mediocrity ;  if  it  be  true 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  119 

that  the  decline  in  learning  and  the  ignorance 
of  the  clergy  occasioned  the  ecclesiastical 
reform,  which  was  begun  in  1760,  which 
reached  its  maturity  under  Joseph  II,  and 
ended  in  the  terrible  catastrophe  of  the  French 
Revolution ;  if  it  be  true  that  in  the  Catholic 
ranks,  there  were  to  be  seen  no  champions 
capable  of  maintaining  the  cause  of  truth 
against  her  adversaries ;  if  it  be  true,  in  fine, 
that  at  the  time  of  the  suppression,  the  Jesuits 
were  in  point  of  science  inferior  to  their  Pro- 
testant rivals.  But  for  this  purpose,  it  will 
be  necessary  to  exhibit  the  real  condition  of 
Germany  at  the  time,  to  narrate  the  assaults 
made  on  the  fortress  of  the  faith,  and  its  out- 
works, the  Society  of  Jesus ;  we  shall  then  be 
able  to  comprehend  the  true  object  of  this 
reform,  this  erection  of  new  Universities : 
measures,  it  is  alleged,  taken  to  remedy  defi- 
ciencies in  clerical  education. 

One  word,  however,  in  conclusion,  of  the 
lofty  flight  then  taken  by  German  literature. 
This,  it  is  said,  was  the  work  of  Protestants, 
and  Catholics  can  claim  no  share  in  the  laurels 
won  by  the  poets.  Let  us  see  what  force  this 
argument  has  against  the  Jesuits  and  their 
pupils. 


120  THE    JESUITS    IN     GERMANY. 

From  the  origin  of  the  language  to  the  close 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  poem  of  the 
Niebelungen  is  the  only  great  literary  produc- 
tion, and  this  does  not  merit  to  be  ranked,  as 
Goethe  ranks  it,  with  the  Homeric  epics. 
When  Luther  appeared,  the  poetry  of  romance 
had  departed,  and  the  arts  of  the  middle  ages 
were  forgotten.  The  language  itself  had  fallen 
into  neglect,  and  the  Reformer's  translation  of 
the  Bible  was  the  era  of  its  resurrection. 
Although  the  style  is  antiquated,  this  transla- 
tion is  yet  regarded  by  critics  as  the  type  of 
classic  German.  Poets  now  begin  to  rise ; 
Hans  Sachs,  the  shoemaker,  the  prince  of 
song- writers,  with  his  pamphlets  in  rhyme, 
and  his  fertile  genius ;  Sebastian  Brandt,  and 
his  "  Ship  of  Fools,"  a  caricature  and  a  satire  in 
the  vein  of  Rabelais;  Boehme,  with  his  strong 
and  enthusiastic  imagination,  who  has  dis- 
played, it  is  said,  all  the  intellectual  wealth  of 
the  language.  But  these  were  not  sufficient 
to  constitute  a  literature ;  and  this  is  so  true, 
that  Opitz,  a  didactic  poet  of  the  beginning  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  possessed  of  taste  and 
judgment,  but  spiritless,  and  now  no  longer 
read,  has  been  termed  the  father  of  German 
poetry.  Flemming,  a  poet  of  the  same  time, 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  121 

though  superior  in  the  glowing  richness  of  his 
imagination,  is  in  style  far  inferior. 

In  the  first  half  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
a  German  literature  did  not  yet  exist.  At 
this  time,  the  power  of  Germany  was  shattered 
by  civil  war,  and  her  poetry  declined  with  the 
decline  of  her  power :  it  was  either  stricken 
with  entire  sterility,  or  it  degenerated  into 
extravagant  affectation.  "From  1648  to  the 
middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,"  says  Fre- 
derick Schlegel,  "was  a  period  of  barbarism. 
There  was,  what  might  be  termed  an  inter- 
regnum in  literature,  a  mingling  of  light  and 
shadow,  when  the  language,  in  a  state  of  in- 
cessant fluctuation,  verged  now  to  a  corrupt 
dialect  of  German,  now  to  a  jargon  of  half 
French."  Amidst  such  unfavorable  circum- 
stances, what  could  be  effected  by  the  Jesuits, 
who  had  not  come  to  Germany  to  make  poets, 
whose  every  thought  and  deed  was  directed 
to  the  defence  of  Catholic  faith?  It  would 
be  a  folly  to  accuse  them  for  the  protracted 
slumber  of  German  genius;  if  a  body  of 
teachers  could  have  aroused  it,  the  Society 
of  Jesus  had  done  it.  There  is  no  religious 
order  so  little  affected  by  difference  of  coun- 
try, none  whose  principles  and  conduct  in 

11 


122  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

its  various  members  are  so  harmonious  and 
uniform.  Let  us  then  see  what  it  was  mean- 
while effecting  in  France.  Without  wishing 
to  ascribe  to  it  the  production  of  those  splendid 
geniuses,  that  shed  glory  upon  the  age  of  Louis 
XIV,  we  can  without  fear  of  exaggeration 
maintain,  that  the  Society  of  Jesus  contributed 
more  than  Port  Royal,  more  than  all  the 
literary  and  teaching  bodies  of  the  time,  to 
that  great  and  rapid  advance  in  science,  letters, 
and  arts.  But  France  was  then  calm ;  at  least 
she  was  disturbed  by  no  internal  commotion, 
whilst  Germany  was  distracted  by  religious 
broils  and  political  dissensions.  Hence,  the 
difference  of  results,  where  the  preceptors 
were  the  same,  and  the  system  of  teaching 
identical. 

But  at  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, when  Germany  and  Austria  had  revived, 
and  German  princes  extended  their  patronage 
to  literature,  poetry  springs  into  new  life. 
Still  she  is  undistinguished  by  any  national 
character,  and  is  devoid  of  the  stamp  of  origi- 
nality. Men  of  letters  divide  into  two  con- 
flicting parties.  The  standard-bearer  of  the 
one  is  Gotlsched,  who  favors  the  imitation  of 
the  ancient  models,  of  Italian  and  especially 
of  French  writers.  The  stronghold  of  the 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  123 

other  party  is  in  Switzerland ;  Breitinger  and 
Bodmer  are  the  chieftains,  and  the  imitation 
of  the  English,  the  object  of  their  preference. 
On  due  reflection,  Frederick  Schlegel  seems 
to  have  been  correct  in  extending  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  eighteenth  century  the  age  of  bad 
taste  and  literary  sterility.  The  Messias  of 
Klopstock  announces  the  advent  of  a  new  era, 
the  golden  age  of  German  poetry.  Now  start 
forth  to  view  Gessner,  the  chanter  of  pasto- 
rals; Lessing,  the  critic;  Winckelmann,  the 
chronicler  of  art ;  Heyne,  the  first  Protestant 
antiquary  of  his  time.  In  various  parts  of  the 
German  heavens  are  forming  bright  clusters 
of  poets  and  men  of  letters.  Gottingen  is  re- 
splendent with  Lichtenberg,  Leizewitz,  Holty, 
the  two  Stolbergs,.  Woss,  the  learned  translator 
of  Homer ;  Burger,  the  writer  of  the  famous 
ballad  Lenore ;  Dusseldorf  shines  with  Heinse, 
and  the  two  Jacobis.  The  intellectual  move- 
ment spreads  to  Leipsic,  to  Strasburg,  to  many 
points  of  Germany,  and  stars  glow  singly  at 
various  intervals ;  Kotzebue,  Werner,  the  phi- 
losopher Kant,  Fichte,  and  Schelling,  the  his- 
torian Muller,  and  later  Tieck  and  Novalis, 
who,  with  the  Schlegels,  represent  the  school 
of  romance.  But  Weimar  was  radiant  with  a 


124  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

galaxy  of  surpassing  splendor,  with  Herder, 
the  philosopher  and  poet,  Goethe,  the  giant  of 
German  song,  Wieland,  John-Paul  Kichter, 
Schiller,  the  prince  of  dramatists,  the  Schlegels, 
and  many  more.  Under  the  patronage  of 
Prince  Charles  Augustus,  and  the  Duchesses 
Amelia  and  Louisa,  Weimar  becomes  the 
Athens  of  Germany. 

And  now  to  return  to  our  argument.  The 
Jesuits  are  accused  of  having  resigned  to  the 
Protestants  the  undisputed  possession  of  these 
literary  glories.  But  dates  will  speak  un- 
answerably in  their  behalf.  The  symphony 
of  the  Messias  was  heard  in  1750,  its  last 
chant  died  away  in  1769.  In  the  interval 
the  principal  works  of  Gessner  were  published, 
and  Heinse  laid  the  foundation  of  his  fame. 
But  if  the  literary  movement  had  stopped 
with  these,  would  they  have  been  able,  with 
all  their  merit,  to  raise  Germany  to  the  first 
rank  among  literary  nations  ?  No,  assuredly 
not.  With  the  exception  of  Klopstock,  per- 
haps, these  are  not  the  men,  the  remembrance 
of  whom  dazzles  the  imagination,  when  is 
represented  before  it  the  splendor  of  German 
literature.  Herder,  Goethe,  Schiller  and  their 
compeers,  are  they  who  have  attained  the 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  125 

approbation  and  applause  of  Europe.  But  all 
these  men  of  genius  arose  at  the  middle  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  and  their  master- 
pieces were  produced  after  the  expulsion  of 
the  Jesuits.  The  Jesuits  were  not  at  hand  to 
encourage  a  spirit  of  rivalry  among  the  Catho- 
lics, and  this  was  perhaps  one  of  the  principal 
causes  of  that  literary  monopoly  enjoyed  by 
the  Protestants.  But,  it  is  insisted,  why  did 
they  not  prepare  the  way  for  it,  whilst  they 
still  taught,  and  when  they  stood  by  at  the 
first  resuscitation  of  German  genius  ?  To  the 
accusation  couched  in  this  interrogatory,  a 
lengthy  rejoinder  might  be  made.  Bearing 
in  mind  the  often  quoted  verse, 

"Sint  Msecenates,  non  cfeerunt,  Flacce,  Marones;" 

let  us  ask  where  was  there  a  Msecenas  to  en- 
courage poetic  development?  Frederick  II, 
wholly  absorbed  in  his  French  monomania, 
neglected  to  bear  in  mind  the  literary  desti- 
nies of  his  country.  Maria  Theresa  overreach- 
ed, as  we  shall  show,  by  the  enemies  of  the 
Church,  instead  of  fostering,  paralyzed  Catho- 
lic teaching.  Joseph  II  was  engrossed  in  his 
quarrels  with  Rome.  The  other  Princes  of 
Germany  variously  occupied,  in  like  manner 


126  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

left  to  the  Duke  of  Saxe- Weimar  the  task  and 
the  glory  of  protecting  letters.  Science  and 
literature  having  taken  a  Protestant  direction, 
became  objects  of  suspicion  to  the  Catholics, 
as  the  pagan  learning  had  been  to  their  fore- 
fathers in  the  faith.  Among  the  Protestants 
alone  could  learning  find  that  tranquillity,  and 
security,  necessary  for  its  culture,  and  unre- 
strained development.  With  the  Catholics,  at 
that  time,  the  absorbing  question  was,  as  will 
be  seen,  not  poetry,  the  ornament  of  life,  but 
life  itself,  so  much  were  they  menaced  in  their 
faith,  their  worship,  their  very  existence.  As 
for  the  Jesuits  in  particular,  their  duty  in  this 
crisis  was  to  guard  the  cause  of  orthodoxy, 
rather  than  the  interests  of  profane  letters. 
Besides,  the  signal  of  attack  upon  them  had 
already  been  sounded ;  the  work  of  expulsion 
was  begun;  they  already  heard  the  distant 
mutterings  of  the  storm  that  was  to  destroy 
them  :  was  this  a  time  to  be  thinking  of  the 
epic,  the  drama,  and  the  various  species  of 
verse  ? 

And  yet  they  did  not  keep  aloof  from  the 
literary  movement  that  was  spreading  through 
Germany ;  they  assisted  its  progress  in  their 
own  colleges.  To  cite  but  one  example  :  his- 


THE    JESUITS    IN     GERMANY.  127 

tory  retains  a  grateful  remembrance  of  Michael 
Denis.  This  famous  Jesuit,  a  bibliographer 
and  a  poet,  rendered  a  twofold  service  to  the 
teaching  and  the  literature  of  his  country. 
After  having  lectured  with  distinction  as  a 
Professor,  and  directed  the  studies  of  the  mili- 
tary school  of  Maria  Theresa,  he  was  nomi- 
nated as  first  superintendent  of  the  library  of 
the  celebrated  Garelli,  and  then  chief  officer 
in  the  imperial  library  at  Vienna.  He  imme- 
diately sought  to  make  known  to  the  youth, 
and  to  men  of  letters,  the  treasures  confided 
to  his  charge,  and  to  instruct  them  how  to  use 
them  with  profit.  With  this  design  he  pub- 
lished successively  his  "Library  of  Garelli,"  his 
"  History  of  the  Press  of  Vienna,"  in  which  he 
gives  a  learned  account  of  eight  hundred  and 
thirty-two  works,  his  Supplement  to  Mattaire's 
"Typographical  Annals,"  which  contains  no- 
tices of  six  thousand  three  hundred  and  eleven 
pamphlets,  his  "Catalogue  of  Theological 
Works  contained  in  the  Imperial  Library  at 
Vienna,"  his  "  Introduction  to  the  Knowledge  of 
Books,"  a  manual  of  bibliographical  erudition. 
After  having  revealed  to  studious  youth  the 
treasury  of  the  past,  Denis  already  thought  of 
providing  for  the  present  and  the  future  of  the 


128  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMAN-Y. 

national  language,  and  literature.  In  the  mid- 
day of  German  history,  he  was  one  of  the  first 
of  those  who  applied  themselves  to  the  task  of 
polishing  the  language,  of  clothing  it  with  ele- 
gance, of  fostering  the  study  of  profane  litera- 
ture, and  of  improving  the  system  of  teaching. 
Rising  above  the  fears,  and  the  mistrust,  which 
in  the  Austrian  States,  kept  the  Catholics 
strangers  to  a  poetry,  flourishing  only  in  Pro- 
testant soil,  he  had  the  courage  to  mention  to 
his  pupils,  the  names  of  Klopstock,  Gellert, 
D'Uz,  and  other  modern  poets,  and  put  in  their 
hands  his  own  "  Memorials,"  and  his  "  Fruits  of 
Reading,"  collections  full  of  taste,  which  he 
had  made  from  contemporary  poets  (1762). 
By  his  own  compositions,  he  merited  ihe  name 
of  the  Bard  of  the  Danube.  His  epistle  to 
Klopstock  attracted  at  Vienna  universal  atten- 
tion, and  drew  around  him  the  youth,  who 
were  conscious  of  poetical  inspiration.  The 
next  work  by  which  he  sustained  his  claim  to 
the  title  of  bard,  was  a  translation  of  Ossian. 
Adopting  Ossian  and  the  Scandinavian  poets 
as  his  models,  he  replaced  the  ancient  mytho- 
logy by  the  divinities  of  the  North,  and  thus 
unsealed  to  his  countrymen  the  fountain  of 
national  poetry,  from  which  Burger  and 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  129 

Goethe  have  since  drawn  so  copiously.  In 
the  heroic  songs  by  which,  in  imitation  of 
the  ancient  bards,  Denis  celebrated  national 
festivals,  or  the  events  of  the  day,  we  can  dis- 
cern the  vigor  of  his  mind,  his  ardent,  yet 
discreet  patriotism,  his  sincere  affection  for 
youth,  his  zeal  for  the  interests  of  religion. 
One  of  his  most  remarkable  works,  is  the 
"  Temple  of  the  .ZEons,  sung  by  Denis, 
during  the  last  Years  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury." It  is  truly  the  song  of  the  dying  swan. 
The  "  Biographie  Universelle,"  from  which 
we  have  extracted  the  most  of  these  particu- 
lars, adds,  "  It  has  not  been  given  to  any  lyric 
poet,  ancient  or  modern,  to  terminate  his  poetic 
career  with  so  much  solemnity." 

As  far  then  as  circumstances  would  permit, 
the  Jesuits  did  exert  themselves  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  national  literature;  and 
were  it  true  that  Catholicity  could  boast  no 
honored  name  in  the  literary  annals  of  the 
time,  the  blame  assuredly  should  not  be  im- 
puted to  them.  But  this  assertion  is  not  rigor- 
ously true.  Henry  de  Collin,  born  at  Vienna 
in  1772,  one  of  the  most  admired  of  the  Ger- 
man dramatists,  was  a  Catholic.  Winckel- 
mann,  the  illustrious  historian  of  ancient  art, 


130  THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY. 

was  converted  to  the  faith  at  Rome  about  the 
year  1758.  His  conversion  was  succeeded  by 
that  of  Zoega,  who  with  Winckelmann  and 
Visconti,  formed  the  great  archeological  triad 
of  the  age ;  then  followed  the  painter  Muller, 
the  friend  of  Goethe ;  then  John  Augustus 
Starck,  a  professor  of  the  oriental  languages ; 
then  Princess  Gallitzin.  Her  conversion  was 
the  prelude  to  that  of  her  son,  of  Hamann 
(1787),  a  distinguished  economist,  a  learned 
orientalist,  a  profound  philosopher,  a  great 
writer,  a  man  of  rich  and  poetic  imagination, 
and  to  that  of  Count  de  Stolberg  (1800),  who 
restored  his  whole  family  to  the  true  faith. 
The  Catholic  movement  in  Germany  was  now 
so  decided,  and  Protestant  prejudice  had  so  far 
abated,  that  Lavater,  Claudius,  Herder,  Klop- 
stock,  and  Jacobi,  pardoned  the  conversion  of 
Stolberg  and  remained  his  friends.  Woss  alone 
had  the  hardihood  to  insult  him.  Finally,  in 
1803,  Frederick  Schlegel  and  his  wife,  who 
was  herself  the  writer  of  several  highly 
esteemed  literary  works,  and  is  said  to  have 
contributed  to  her  husband's  productions,  ab- 
jured the  errors  of  Protestantism  in  the  Cathe- 
dral of  Cologne.  Around  the  converted  Schle- 
gel, there  clustered  at  Jena,  as  heretofore  at 


THE    JESUITS    IN    GERMANY.  131 

Gottingen,  and  at  Weimar,  a  brilliant  group 
of  stars :  among  them  we  discern  Tieck,  the 
greatest  poet  and  critic  of  modern  Germany, 
and  Frederic  Yon  Hardenberg,  better  known 
as  Novalis.  Illustrious  men  soon  gave  them- 
sfelves  to  the  current,  at  once  religious  and  po- 
etical, and  they  too  were  drawn  to  the  shores 
of  Catholicity.  Of  this  number  were  Werner, 
the  distinguished  poet,  Clement  Brentano, 
D'Eckstein,  Goerres,  and  others,  noble  by  birth, 
or  ennobled  by  art  or  literature. 

Can  any  one  think  that  the  Jesuits  would 
have  remained  idle  amid  this  Catholic  reaction, 
and  that  they  would  not  have  claimed  for 
themselves  a  large  share  of  glory  in  this  return 
to  a  faith,  which  they  have  defended  with  so 
much  learning,  courage,  and  devotion,  before, 
as  since,  the  suppression  of  their  order  ?  A 
judgment  may  be  formed  from  the  following 
chapters,  in  which  we  shall  narrate  the  war 
waged  against  them  by  impiety,  which  dreaded 
their  influence,  and  in  which  we  shall  exhibit 
the  spirit  and  energy  wherewith  they  strug- 
gled against  it.  Then  will  it  be  admitted  by 
every  unprejudiced  reader,  that  it  is  chiefly  to 
the  Jesuits,  Germany  owes  the  preservation  of 
that  vitality  which  was  destined  to  germinate  so 
vigorously,  and  to  produce  fruit  so  abundantly. 


Cfeapttr 


REFORM     OF    THE     UNIVERSITIES  —  ITS     CAUSES    AND 
CONSEQUENCES.      (1753-1792.) 

IT  was  in  the  year  1745,  that  Pombal,  by 
dint  of  intrigue,  obtained  the  appointment  of 
plenipotentiary  mediator  to  Vienna,  to  adjust 
a  difference  which  had  arisen  between  Maria 
Theresa  and  the  Holy  See,  with  relation  to 
the  patriarchate  of  Aquileia.  In  Germany, 
then,  he  began  his  career  as  a  diplomatist,  and 
"  in  the  focus  of  Protestantism,"  adds  Pacca, 
to  whose  important  testimony  we  shall  have 
frequent  occasion  to  refer,  "  he  learned  to  hate 
the  church  and  the  religious  orders."  But  the 
Society  of  Jesus  was  the  chief  obstacle  to  the 
accomplishment  of  the  designs,  which  he 
thenceforth  meditated  against  the  Church,  and 
consequently  the  Society  of  Jesus  was  honored 
with  his  especial  hostility.  No  sooner  had  he 
reached  the  dignity  of  minister,  after  his  re- 
turn to  Portugal,  than  he  eagerly  set  about 


REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES.        133 

the  crowning  object  of  his  life,  the  destruction 
of  the  Society,  and  the  rupture  with  Rome, 
which  in  his  mind  were  inseparably  connected. 
In  1758,  from  the  dying  Benedict  XIV,  he 
obtained  a  brief,  empowering  him  to  order  a 
visitation  and  undertake  a  reform  of  the  order; 
and,  the  year  following,  all  the  Portuguese 
Jesuits  were  either  thrown  into  prison,  or  ba- 
nished from  the  country.  Then  succeeded  a 
rupture  with  the  Holy  See,  and  a  long  series 
of  open  or  covert  attacks  on  the  papal  autho- 
rity. Following  out  the  detestable  principles  he 
had  imbibed  from  his  favorite  authors,  Gian- 
none  and  Fra  Paolo,  Pombal  published  a  mani- 
festo, in  which  he  conceded  to  the  Pope  a 
merely  nominal  power.  In  1767,  he  even 
strove  to  effect  a  coalition  between  France, 
Spain,  and  Portugal,  arid  involve  in  the  ini- 
quity of  schism,  the  most  considerable  part  of 
Catholic  Europe.  Whilst  he  was  diligently 
procuring  the  translation  and  wide-spread 
dispersion  of  the  productions  of  Voltaire, 
Eousseau,  Diderot,  and  the  other  chiefs  of  the 
school  of  the  Anti-christian  philosophy,  he 
erected  at  Lisbon  a  tribunal  of  censure,  to  pre- 
vent the  publication  and  introduction  of  all 
books  in  which  were  defended  the  Society  of 

12 


134        REFORM     OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

Jesus,  or  the  rights  of  Rome.  Meanwhile, 
however,  in  1770,  to  gratify  Donna  Maria, 
presumptive  heiress  to  the  throne,  and  perhaps 
also  to  calm  the  conscience  of  the  king,  whom 
the  calumnious  and  schismatical  writings,  put 
into  his  hands  by  Pombal,  had  not  entirely 
corrupted,  he  opens  a  negotiation  for  the  pur- 
pose of  re-establishing  friendly  relations  be- 
tween Portugal  and  the  Holy  See.  This  ne- 
gotiation was  apparently  successful,  and  a 
Nuncio  took  up  his  residence  at  Lisbon.  But 
wo  should  not  suppose  that  Pombal  was  in- 
spired with  better  sentiments,  or  that  he  had 
renounced  the  main  object  of  his  life ;  nor 
should  we  give  credence  to  those  hypocritical 
protestations  of  love  and  veneration  for  the 
Holy  See,  with  which  his  official  correspon- 
dence abounds.  Bernis  wrote  to  his  court, 
Sept.  26,  1770,  that  a  written  pledge  to  sup- 
press the  Society  was  the  basis  of  this  recon- 
ciliation. Having  secured  this,  Pombal  thought 
that  the  renewal  of  amicable  relations  with 
Rome,  would  prove  no  effectual  hindrance  to 
the  attainment  of  his  ends.  On  the  other 
hand,  Cardinal  Pacca  informs  us  that  "  after 
the  reconciliation,  the  interests  of  the  Church 
were  still  constantly  sacrificed,  that  the  laws 


ITS    CAUSES     AND    CONSEQUENCES.       135 

infringing-  her  liberties  and  immunities,  were 
not  rescinded,  that  the  encroachments  of  the 
civil  tribunals  in  religious  matters,  were  per- 
severed in,  and  that  the  University  of  Coimbra 
continued  to  propagate  the  most  dangerous 
principles."* 

Finally,  but  a  short  time  after,  Pombal  un- 
dertook to  complete  the  religious  ruin  of  Por- 
tugal by  poisoning  the  very  sources  of  educa- 
tion. His  measures  had  been  pre-arranged. 
We.  have  already  noticed  Seabra's  work,  whose 
object  it  was  to  prove  that  the  Jesuits  had  occa- 
sioned the  decline  of  science.  The  Jesuits  them- 
selves no  longer  existed.  But  their  doctrine 
survived  them,  and  some  of  the  opinions,  in 
theology  and  philosophy,  which  they  had  intro- 
duced and  defended,  were  still  maintained  at 
Coimbra.f  The  ferocity  of  Pombal  could  en- 

*  Meraoires.     (Euvres  Compl.  t.  ii,  p.  356. 

f  Memoires  du  Marquis  de  Pombal.  (4  vol.  in  12mo, 
1784.)  This  work  is  said  to  have  been  composed  by  Father 
Gusta,  and  was  translated  into  French  by  the  grammarian 
Gattel.  It  has  been  accused  of  prejudice  and  exaggeration ; 
how  unjustly,  a  perusal  of  the  book  itself  will  show.  It 
breathes  throughout  a  spirit  of  moderation,  candor,  and 
impartiality,  and  displays  the  author's  alacrity  to  commend 
where  commendation  is  possible.  Gusta  is  more  favorable 
to  Pombal's  person,  and  less  inclined  to  arraign  his  acts, 


136        REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

dure  nothing  which  was  in  any  manner  con- 
nected with  the  odious  Society.  Besides,  it 
was  his  determination  to  use  the  University  as 
the  chief  engine  for  the  dissemination  of  Jan- 
senism and  impiety :  to  effect  this,  a  complete 
change  in  this  Institution  was  requisite. 

To  prepare  the  public  mind  for  this  impor- 
tant revolution,  he  caused  a  work  to  be  issued 
which  is  entitled :  "  A  brief  History  of  the 
University  of  Coimbra,  from  the  time  of  the 
Introduction  of  the  so-called  Jesuits ;  in  which 
is  shown  how  destructive  their  Intrigues  and 
Innovations  have  proved  to  the  Sciences  and 
the  Fine  Arts,  which  had  formerly  prospered 
in  that  Institution." 

The  author  contrasts  the  ancient  dignity  of 
the  University  with  her  present  degradation  ; 
he  recounts  those  great  men  who  had  sprung 
from  her  bosom,  who  had  shed  through  Europe 
a  light  derived  from  her;  he  discloses  with 
manifest  gratification  the  pretended  tricks  by 

than  later  Catholic  writers,  such  as  Pacca,  Picot,  and 
Theiner  himself.  It  were  well  for  the  memory  of  Pombal, 
if  nothing  more  were  known  of  him  than  can  be  gathered 
from  this  book.  Some  curious  papers  to  avouch  the  truth 
of  the  facts  narrated,  are  appended,  and  compose  nearly 
one-third  of  the  entire  work. 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.       137 

which  the  Jesuits  sought  to  dim  a  splendor 
too  bright  for  their  weak  and  jealous  vision. 
He  shows  how  they  had  abused  the  influence 
they  possessed,  to  insure  the  appointment  of 
such  men  to  the  presidency  and  visitorship  of 
the  University,  as  would  prove  indulgent  and 
devoted  to  the  Society,  that  the  various  col- 
leges in  the  kingdom  administered  by  them 
might  be  able  to  sustain  a  comparison  with 
their  rival.  Such  was  the  purport  of  this 
history. 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  decline  of  the 
University  of  Coimbra,  which,  as  we  have  said, 
was  greatly  exaggerated,  whatever  abuses  had 
made  their  way  into  the  Institution,  she  had 
yet  maintained  an  uninterrupted  series  of  able 
professors  in  theology,  in  civil  and  canon  law, 
and  in  other  branches  of  education,  and  had 
sent  forth  a  multitude  of  celebrated  statesmen, 
learned  jurisconsults,  profound  theologians,  and 
skilful  physicians.  Still  we  do  not  retract  our 
admission,  that  at  the  termination  of  the  reign 
of  John  V,  and  under  his  successor,  Joseph  I, 
the  University  had  not  entirely  escaped  the 
benumbing  influence  of  a  lethargy  which  per- 
vaded the  nation.  There  was  then  no  occu- 
pation to  arouse  the  energies  of  the  mind,  no 

12* 


138        REFORM    OF    THE 

rivalry  to  inspire  activity,  no  encouragement 
to  reward  studious  application.  The  few  emi- 
nent scholars  who  yet  remained,  were  not 
treated,  even  by  the  government,  with  that 
deference,  which  is  the  first  and  most  flatter- 
ing recompense  of  learning.*  Then,  too,  when 
baleful  opinions  were  spreading  abroad,  the 

*0n  the  contrary,  men  of  the  highest  merit,  if  they 
chanced  to  arouse  the  suspicion  or  excite  the  jealousy  of 
the  ruthless  minister,  were  immured  in  dungeons,  or  sent 
forth  to  wander  in  exile.  Barros  is  an  example,  a  Portu- 
guese gentleman  of  great  astronomical  acquirements,  and 
spoken  of  in  terms  of  eulogy  by  Barbosa,  Lalande,  and 
Bailly.  This  Barros,  a  correspondent  of  the  Scientific 
Academy  of  Paris,  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Berlin,  whose  discoveries  the  great  Be  L'Isle  esteemed  it 
an  honor  to  have  given  to  the  public  j  this  Barros,  a  friend 
of  the  Jesuits,  probably  their  pupil,  at  least  a  fruit  of  the 
literary  decline  of  Portuyal,  was  implicated  by  Pombal  in 
the  fictitious  conspiracy  of  the  3d  Sept.  1758,  and  was 
doomed  to  suffer  the  penalties  of  a  fabricated  crime,  until 
released,  after  the  death  of  Joseph  I,  by  order  of  the 
Queen,  Donna  Maria.  (See  Lalande,  Astr.  t.  iv,  p.  694.) 

To  replace  the  Portuguese  men  of  learning,  exiled  or 
imprisoned,  Pombal,  at  great  expense,  collected  from  fo- 
reign countries,  professors  who  produced  not  one  scientific 
work,  and  who  educated  not  one  remarkable  man.  Thus 
this  much-boasted  reform  accomplished  nothing  more  than 
the  introduction  of  Jansenism,  and  the  dissemination  of 
impiety. 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.       139 

distrust  occasioned  by  dangerous  novelties,  the 
example  of  the  aberrations,  into  which  a  false 
philosophy  had  betrayed  not  a  few,  awakened 
suspicions  in  the  breasts  of  many  good  men, 
just  as  happened  in  Germany,  and  caused  them 
to  confound  the  use  of  talent  with  its  abuse, 
and  to  discourage  the  pursuit  of  learning, 
which  they  had  identified  with  impiety  and 
irreligion. 

Even  for  that  decline  of  learning  which  we 
have  conceded,  how  can  we,  without  ignorance 
or  injustice,  hold  the  Jesuits  responsible  ? 
Their  teaching  was  confined  to  the  faculty  of 
arts  ;  their  department  embraced  nothing  more 
than  philosophy,  rhetoric,  the  humanities, 
grammar,  Greek,  and  Hebrew.  Over  the  rest 
they  had  no  control.  The  entire  University, 
of  which  they  constituted  so  insignificant  a 
part,  was  subject  to  the  immediate  supervision 
of  the  council  of  conscience,  in  which  the 
Jesuits  had  no  representative,  and  where  it 
was  impossible  that  they  should  domineer. 
But  Jesuit  influence  must  be  detected  every- 
where, in  order  that  blame  may  be  invari- 
ably imputed  to  them,  where,  in  many  cases, 
their  accusers  themselves  were  the  only  cul- 
prits.* 

*  M4m.  t.  i,  pref.  p.  xliv. 


140        REFORM     OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

The  only  effect  of  this  reform  was  to  gratify 
Pombal's  vanity,  and  to  further  his  schisma- 
tical  projects.  The  reader  has  not  forgotten 
the  lately  quoted  words  of  Cardinal  Pacca. 
We  shall  see  that  in  another  part  of  his  work, 
he  thus  expresses  himself:  "After  having 
sounded  the  first  signal  of  persecution  against 
a  Society,  celebrated  for  the  services  it  had 
rendered  religion  and  the  sciences,  Pombal 
corrupts  public  instruction  in  the  schools  and 
Universities,  particularly  that  of  Coimbra." 
Father  Theiner  thus  develops  the  Cardinal's 
idea,  in  reviewing  his  work:  "Certainly  no 
one  has  represented  the  decline  of  Portugal, 
in  this,  the  only  true  point  of  view,  so  forcibly 
and  usefully,  as  our  illustrious  writer.  Having 
resided  in  the  country  for  more  than  seven 
yuars,  in  his  quality  of  Apostolic  Nuncio,  he 
enjoyed  every  facility  for  the  acquisition  of 
knowledge  respecting  its  religious  and  civil 
state.  Let  us  then  follow  in  the  footsteps  of 
the  noble  author  :  let  us  pause  to  examine  the 
important  considerations  he  will  present.  We 
shall  find  that  the  various  causes  of  Portuguese 
decline,  enumerated  by  him,  may  be  reduced 
to  one,  and  that  one  is  Jansenism.  With  the 
impartiality  of  the  historian,  and  the  wisdom 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.       141 

of  the  statesman,  Pacca  points  out  the  means, 
by  which  that  faction  rose  to  greater  power  in 
Portugal,  than  in  any  other  Catholic  country. 
These  were  the  destruction  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus,  the  exclusion  of  Catholic  books,  and 
finally  the  ruin  of  the  University  of  Coimbra, 
once  emphatically  Catholic,  but  soon  the  focus 
of  Jansenistic  error." 

Father  Theiner  (whose  authority  we  always 
quote  with  peculiar  gratification),  a  few  pages 
farther  on,  thus  continues  :  "After  the  sup- 
pression of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  which,  as  long 
as  it  subsisted,  defended  and  preserved  the 
deposit  of  faith  in  all  its  purity  and  integrity ; 
after  the  erection  of  a  secular  tribunal  of  cen- 
sure, but  little  was  wanting  to  complete  the 
triumph  of  Jansenism  in  Portugal,  and  that 
was  supplied  by  the  University  of  Coimbra. 
After  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits,  its  system  of 
teaching  was  entirely  changed,  and  its  govern- 
ment subjected  to  the  control  of  infidels  and 
innovators ;  this  also  was  the  work  of  Pombal, 
and  his  tool,  Seabra."  But  perhaps,  notwith- 
standing this  anti-Catholic  tendency  in  religious 
matters,  the  sciences  resumed  the  onward  pro- 
gress, which  the  Jesuits  had  impeded.  Father 
Theiner  opportunely  informs  us:  "The  pro- 


142        REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

fessors  of  the  University  of  Coimbra  destroyed 
true  science  in  Portugal.  The  administration 
of  Pombal,  and  its  effects  on  the  country,  are 
a  most  triumphant  apology  for  the  Society  of 
Jesus.  Under  the  tyrannical  rule  of  this 
minister,  the  sciences  lapsed  into  a  state  of 
barbarism,  from  which  they  have  not  yet  re- 
covered."* 

Such  passages  need  no  commentary.  It  is 
manifest  that  the  reform  of  the  University  of 
Coimbra,  alleged  as  an  objection  against  the 
Jesuits,  redounds  only  to  their  glory. 

*  "In  Portugal/'says  Lalande  (PreT.  Astr.  p.  4),  "John  V 
erected  an  observatory  in  his  own  palace  at  Lisbon,  and 
put  it  under  the  direction  of  Fathers  Carboni  and  Copasse, 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  There  was  another  observatory  at 
the  Jesuit  College  of  St.  Antony."  In  1758,  1759,  the 
time  of  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  by  Pombal,  Father 
Eusebius  de  Veiga  at  Lisbon,  Father  Bernard  de  Oliveira 
at  Coimbra,  and  Father  Dennis  Franco  at  Evora,  professors 
of  mathematics,  were  taking  observations,  and  publishing 
useful  works  on  astronomy  and  navigation.  After  they  had 
been  brutally  driven  from  their  own  country,  they  continued 
their  scientific  labors  in  foreign  lands,  and  Father  A 
whose  observations  for  1788,  1789,  are  quoted  by  Lalande, 
was  attached  to  an  observatory  at  Rome.  The  same 
Lalande  writes,  that  in  1787  (after  Pombal's  death),  an 
observatory  was  built  at  St.  George's  Castle,  and  that  at 
Coimbra  there  was  another,  directed  by  Father  Monteiro. 


ITS    CAUSES    AND     CONSEQUENCES.        143 

In  like  manner  will  the  history  of  the 
reform  in  the  German  Universities  afford  a 
triumphant  apology  for  the  Society  of  Jesus, 
in  which  their  defence  may  be  based  upon  the 
very  facts  adduced  by  their  adversaries,  and 
upon  the  very  accusations  themselves. 

In  the  wide-spread  conspiracy  of  the 
eighteenth  century  against  Catholicity  and  the 
papal  power,  the  first  measure  was  to  destroy 
the  influence  of  the  Jesuits,  whilst  their  com- 
plete annihilation  was  anxiously  expected.  To 
accomplish  this,  the  most  perfidious  means 
were  resorted  to,  and  first  put  into  execution 
in  Catholic  Austria,  and  under  the  name  of  the 
Catholic  Maria  Theresa :  we  refer  to  their  ex- 
pulsion from  professorships  in  the  higher 
branches  of  ecclesiastical  education.  With 
this  revolution,  the  name  of  Stock  is  intimately 
and  disgracefully  involved. 

Simon  Ambrose  Stock  had  been  a  pupil  of 
the  Jesuits,  in  the  Germanic  College,  at  Kome. 
Upon  his  return  to  Vienna,  he  became  rector 
of  the  University  in  1746,  and  president  of 
the  faculty  of  theology  in  1753.  In  the  latter 
year  began  the  war  against  the  Jesuits  in 
Germany.  The  prelude  to  their  ultimate  de- 
struction was  the  reform  in  education  through- 


144        REFORM    OP    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

out  the  hereditary  states  of  the  Austrian 
family.  This  reform  proceeded  from  a  cir- 
cumstance, which  seemed  to  bode  no  such  im- 
portant result.  Maria  Theresa  requested  ot 
the  celebrated  Boerhaave.  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Ley  den,  to  select  for  her  service  two 
physicians,  of  whose  ability  he  was  to  be  sole 
judge,  but  with  the  condition,  on  her  part,  that 
both  should  be  of  the  Catholic  faith.  Boer- 
haave's  choice  fell  upon  two  of  his  disciples, 
who  have  since  gained  a  celebrity  of  their 
own,  Gerard  Van  Swieten  and  Antony  de 
Hae'n.  Though  born  of  Catholic  parents, 
these  men  were  partisans  of  the  schismatical 
Church  at  Utrecht,  at  that  time  the  strong- 
hold of  Jansenism.  In  their  new  office  at  the 
Austrian  Court,  the  triumph  of  their  party, 
equally  with  their  scientific  duties,  occupied 
their  attention;  and  they  became  the  primary 
causes  of  the  innovations  then  made  in  philo- 
sophical and  theological  instruction,  and  thus 
prepared  the  way  for  measures  menacing  the 
very  existence  of  Catholicity  in  Austria.  At 
their  instigation,  the  Empress  appointed  three 
commissioners  to  carry  into  execution  the  plan 
of  reform ;  and  to  facilitate  the  latter  measure, 
Stock  was  chosen  president  of  the  faculty  of 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.       145 

theology,  and  Paul  Joseph  de  Biegger  and 
Charles  Antony  de  Martini,  professors  of  canon 
and  natural  law.  From  Italy,  Stock  sum- 
moned to  his  aid  new  professors  for  all  the 
Universities,  and  the  Jesuits  were  every- 
where dismissed  from  the  office  of  instruction.* 
Day  by  day  may  we  trace  the  course  of  this  revo- 
lution in  religious  ideas,  by  turning  over  the 
numbers  of  the  "  Nouvelles  Ecclesiastiques,"  a 
Jansenist  journal,  which  regularly  chronicled 
its  progress  in  as  many  bulletins  of  victory. 
The  details  of  the  campaign  were  transmitted 
to  them  by  the  Abbe  du  Pac  de  Bellegarde,  a 
partisan  of  the  Jansenists,  and  in  communi- 
cation with  Van  Swieten  and  de  Hae'n. 

The  protection  which,  in  1753,  the  pious, 
but  too  confiding,  Maria  Theresa  was  induced, 
by  the  persuasion  of  her  physicians,  to  extend 
to  schism,  marks  this  as  a  memorable  year  in 
the  annals  of  the  sect.  We  read  in  the  Jan- 
senist journal  of  the  9th  of  January,  1754  : 
"The  august  Empress,  Maria  Theresa,  has 
published  a  decree,  which  will  meet  with 
universal  approbation."  The  reference  is  to 
the  decree  granting  certain  privileges  to  the 

*  Picot,  Mem.  t.  iv,  p.  354,  et  seq. 
13 


146         REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

Jansenists.  On  the  19th  of  March,  1756,  the 
Gazette  speaks  of  another  decree,  dated  22d 
of  December,  1755,  by  which  the  Belgian  sub- 
jects of  the  Empress  were  forbidden  to  study 
elsewhere  than  at  Louvain.  "It  should  be 
remarked,"  says  the  editor,  "that  in  the  pre- 
amble to  this  edict,  Her  Imperial  Majesty, 
speaking  of  the  abuse  she  wished  to  remedy, 
adds  :  '  Which,  besides  operating  to  the  disad- 
vantage of  our  University  at  Louvain,  tends 
to  implant  in  the  minds  of  youth,  sentiments 
at  war  with  our  interests  and  the  common 
welfare  of  the  country.' "  But  on  the  12th  of 
November,  1760,  we  have  something  still 
more  explicit:  "On  the  15th  of  August,  the 
Empress  published  a  decree,  providing  for  the 
establishment  of  two  professorships  of  theo- 
logy, to  be  filled  from  the  Dominican  and 
Augustinian  orders,  in  all  the  Universities  of 
her  States.  Daily  is  the  Empress  strengthened 
in  her  determination  to  eradicate  the  corrupt 
doctrine,  propagated  by  the  Jesuits."  Finally, 
on  the  14th  of  March,  1774,  in  a  notice  of 
M.  de  Stock,  Bishop  of  Rosone,  who  had  died 
in  1772,  the  Gazette  recounts  the  history  of 
those  educational  reforms,  in  which  he  had  so 
prominently  participated  :  "  When  M.  de  Stock 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.        147 

was  nominated  assessor  of  the  Aulic  Council 
for  the  reformation  of  studies,  he  made  repre- 
sentations to  the  tribunal,  that  in  order  to 
renovate  the  theological  faculty   at   Vienna, 
it  would  be  necessary  to  dismiss  the  Jesuits, 
who  had  been  for  a  long  time  engaged  in  dif- 
fusing unsound  principles  in  moral  and  dog- 
matic  theology.     He   received   the   requisite 
authorization;  and  sent  to  Italy   for  Father 
Gervasio,  an  Augustinian,  and  Father  Gazza- 
niga,  a  Dominican,  to  replace  the  Jesuit  pro- 
fessors."    "  Convinced  that  the  Jesuits  had  no 
less   vitiated  the  teaching  of  canon  law,  of 
which,   in   the   Austrian    States,    they   were 
almost  the  only  professors,  De  Stock  obtained 
a  decree,  by  which,  in  1769,  the  Jesuits  were 
excluded  from  teaching  that  branch  of  eccle- 
siastical education  in  any  University  within 
the  dominions  of  Her  Imperial  Majesty.     To 
modify  the  kind  of  teaching,  whilst  he  changed 
the  professors  themselves,  M.  de  Stock  pub- 
lished at  Vienna  his  excellent  '  Summary  of 
Canon  Law/  consisting  of  one  hundred  proposi- 
tions, and  since  republished  at  divers  places, 
and  at  Paris,  by  Desaint,  in  Latin  and  French, 
(See   our   announcement  at   the  time  of  its 
appearance.)     This  summary  is  intended  as 


148         REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

the  text-book  for  the  examination  of  those 
aspiring  to  degrees  in  the  faculty  of  theology." 

The  purport  of  this  summary  may  be  readily 
conjectured.  Its  one  hundred  articles,  says 
Picot,  are  in  entire  conformity  with  those 
drawn  up,  in  1717,  by  the  appellants  at  Paris. 
Indeed  all  the  books,  then  put  into  the  hands 
of  youth,  contained  the  same  pernicious  prin- 
ciples. 

The  Universities  now  became  immediately 
subject  to  the  Court,  by  which  were  selected 
the  professors  of  theology,  without  the  slight- 
est reference  to  the  wishes,  or  the  rights  of  the 
Bishops.  The  professors  of  canon  law  were 
chosen  from  the  laity  ;  those  of  theology  from 
the  schools  of  the  Thomists  and  Augustinians, 
by  which  are  meant  unmitigated  Jansenists. 

The  pretext,  under  which  the  Jesuits  were 
despoiled  of  their  professorships,  was  that  they 
disseminated  relaxed  principles  in  moral  theo- 
logy, and  maintained  Molinism  in  their  dog- 
matic teachings.  The  true  reason  was  their 
sincere  and  ardent  attachment  to  the  Holy 
See.  "  They  no  longer  professed  the  doctrine 
of  Christ,  the  holy  Fathers  and  the  Councils; 
but  that,  so  to  speak,  of  St.  Thomas  and  Sua- 
rez."  (It  is  Father  Faustin  Prochaska,  a 


ITS    CAUSES    AND     CONSEQUENCES.        149 

Franciscan,  who  holds  this  language)  :*  as 
if,  forsooth,  St.  Thomas,  Suarez,  and  the  other 
scholastic  theologians,  had  not  merely  pre- 
served, and  explained  the  doctrine  of  Christ 
and  the  holy  Fathers  !  Here  may  be  detected 
the  spirit,  and  secret  purpose  of  the  innovators. 
With  their  precise  and  well-defined  formulas 
of  expression,  the  scholastic  doctors  leave  no 
room  for  evasion  to  subtlety,  no  means  of 
escape  to  bad  faith.  For  the  supporters  of 
error,  it  is  far  more  convenient  to  have  recourse, 
with  the  Protestants,  to  the  pure  text  of  Scrip- 
ture, which  will  admit  of  any  interpretation  ; 
and  if  they  deign  to  consult  the  holy  Fathers, 
it  is  still  with  the  condition  that  they  them- 
selves may  be  the  exponents  of  their  sense. 
To  leave  no  manner  of  doubt  on  this  point- 
farther  on,  Prochaska  continues :f  "It  was 

*  De  ssecularibus  liberalium  artium  in  Bohemia  et 
Moravia  fatis  commentarius  (Pragse,  1782),  p.  396. 

f  Ibid.  p.  411.  With  Prochaska  we  may  class  Father 
Cosmas  Smalfus,  an  Augustinian,  who  in  his  Ecclesiastical 
History  shows  himself  favorable  to  Jansenism.  When 
treating  of  the  reform  of  the  Universities,  he  says 
(t.  v,  p.  193),  that  "the  golden  age  of  Louis  XIV  is 
especially  due  to  the  Solitaries  of  Port  Royal,  to  the  Bene- 
dictines of  Saint  Maur,  etc. ;  that  in  Spain,  science,  arrested 
in  its  progress,  not  by  the  lack  of  genius,  but  by  the  iron 
13* 


150         REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

by  the  exertions  of  Stephen  Rauttenstraucb, 
and  Chevalier  Joseph  de  Riegger,  that  the 
science  of  canon  law  was  unshackled,"  that 
is,  freed  from  the  authority  of  the  Church, 
when  its  teaching  was  confided  to  laymen.  On 
the  next  page,  he  adds  :  "  After  the  abolition 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  there  was  nothing  to 
hinder  the  entire  reformation  of  all  the  schools. 
Whatsoever  was  vicious  in  them,  perished  to 
the  very  root ;  and  by  the  patronage  of  the 
august  Maria  Theresa,  and  the  labors  of  the 
illustrious  Rauttenstrauch,  science  sprang  into 
renewed  and  vigorous  existence.  The  study 
of  Scripture  was  brought  back  to  its  source, 
whilst  patristic  literature,  the  history  of  theo- 
logy, and  all  that  regards  the  salvation  of  souls, 
took  the  place  of  bootless  and  interminable 
disputes." 

This  style  of  expression  we  well  understand. 
We  have  been  accustomed  to  hear  it  from  the 
mouths  of  Protestants,  and  of  all  modern  in- 
novators. But  to  penetrate  still  more  deeply 

laics  of  the  Inquisition,  made  no  advancement  until  the 
reign  of  Charles  III,  and  none  in  Portugal  until  after  the 
suppression  of  the  Society  of  Jesus."  He  lavishes  enco- 
miums on  Simon  de  Stock,  Rauttenstrauch,  Joseph,  and  even 
the  signers  of  the  schismatical  articles  of  Ems. 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.         151 

into  the  spirit  of  these  reforms,  let  us  pause 
over  the  character  and  conduct  of  this  Rautten-. 
strauch,  so  warmly  panegyrized  by  Prochaska. 
Stephen  de  Rauttenstrauch,  of  the  Order  of 
St.  Benedict,  Abbot  of  Braunau,  commenced 
his  career  as  professor  of  theology  in  his  own 
abbacy.  It  was  a  time  when  it  was  sought 
to  elevate  the  power  of  princes  on  the  ruins  of 
spiritual  authority.  The  popular  doctrine  was 
embraced,  and  taught  by  Rauttenstrauch.  He 
was  cited  to  appear  before  the  Archiepiscopal 
Consistory  at  Prague,  to  give  an  account  of 
his  opinions,  and  was  condemned  to  be  de- 
graded from  his  dignity  as  Professor.  But  his 
condemnation  was  the  origin  of  his  fortunes. 
He  transmitted  to  Riegger,  then  Professor  at 
Vienna,  and  basking  in  the  smiles  of  the  Court, 
his  "Treatise  on  the  Papal  Authority,"  his 
theses,  and  his  defences.  The  opinions  main- 
tained in  these  writings  then  enjoyed  high 
credit  at  Vienna,  and  Rauttenstrauch,  more- 
over, had  the  adroitness  to  represent  himself 
as  the  victim  of  Jesuit  persecution.  Reigger 
communicated  these  papers  to  De  Stock,  who 
in  turn  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of 
Maria  Theresa,  and  concealing  the  fact  of  his 
condemnation  at  Prague,  obtained  for  him  the 


152        REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

office  of  Director  of  Studies,  in  the  very  city 
which  had  witnessed  his  disgrace.  All  Raut- 
tenstrauch's  zeal  was  henceforth  directed  to 
the  service  of  his  patron,  and  the  humiliation 
of  his  antagonists.  In  1771,  he  published  his 
"  Prolegomena"  to  canon  law,  in  which  his 
former  opinions  were  repeated,  and  affirmed. 
But  soon  his  triumph  was  complete.  Still  un- 
informed with  regard  to  his  real  character, 
Maria  Theresa,  two  years  after.  De  Stock's 
death,  appointed  Rauttenstrauch  his  successor. 
Placed  in  a  commanding  position,  and  invested 
with  absolute  power,  he  was  possessed  of  abun- 
dant means  to  propagate  his  doctrines,  nor  was 
he  sparing  in  their  use.  He.prepared  a  "  Plan 
of  Theology,"  against  which  complaints  were 
lodged  at  Rome.  On  this  subject,  fruitless 
remonstrances  were  addressed  to  the  imperial 
government,  by  Cardinal  Migazzi,  Archbishop 
of  Vienna,  by  Kerens,  formerly  a  Jesuit,  now 
Bishop  of  Neustadt,  and  even  by  the  Pope. 
The  Tribunal  of  Studies  gave  its  approval  of  the 
"  Plan,"  as  also  of  an  "  Introduction  to  Ecclesi- 
astical History,"  by  Ferdinand  Stoger,  Profes- 
sor at  Vienna,  in  which  the  same  objectionable 
principles  were  embodied.  All  the  Professors 
were  men  imbued  with  the  new  ideas.  One 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.         153 

of  these,  Pehem,  recommended  the  employment 
of  the  vulgar  tongue  in  the  celebration  of  the 
Divine  offices,  and  the  administration  of  the 
Sacraments.  On  the  15th  of  July,  1784, 
Kauttenstrauch  caused  theses  to  be  defended 
at  Vienna,  in  which  the  party  of  the  Jan- 
senist  Church,  at  Utrecht,  was  espoused  in 
opposition  to  the  Pope,  which  allowed  an  ille- 
gal rate  of  interest,  and  in  fine  established  the 
rights  of  Princes  non  in  sacra,  sed  circa  sacra, 
a  subtile  and  futile  distinction,  by  which  every- 
thing substantial  was  sacrificed.  Kautten- 
strauch was  on  his  way  to  spread  the  same 
errors  through  Hungary,  when  he  died  at 
Eylau,  Sept.  30th,  1785.* 

Thus  the  substitution  of  Augustinian  doc- 
trines for  those  of  Molina,  by  which  we  are  to 
understand  Jansenistic  doctrines  for  Catholic, 
— the  introduction  of  a  hitherto  unheard  of 
ecclesiastico-civil  code,  which  disregarded  the 
immunities  of  the  Church,  fettered  her  liber- 
ties, and  gave  an  undue  preponderance  to  the 
civil  power:  these  were  the  results  of  the 
University  reform  in  the  Austrian  dominions. 

Prior  to,  and  for  some  time  after  the  sup- 

*  Picot,  Memoires,  etc.  t.  iv,  p.  460  ;  Feller,  Diet.  Hist, 
ad  vocem. 


154         REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

pression  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  Jansenism, 
though  brought  into  disrepute  in  France  by 
the  extravagant  conduct  of  the  convulsionists, 
still  formed  a  zealous,  and  influential  party. 
With  a  hypocritical  versatility,  it  could 
change  with  the  change  of  circumstance.  Once 
the  avowed  opponent  of  the  government,  after- 
wards devotedly  Gallican,  now  it  lent  itself  as 
an  instrument  to  satisfy  the  grudge  which  the 
parliaments  bore  the  king,  and  the  rancor  with 
which  infidels  persecuted  the  Society  of  Jesus, 
and  the  Church.  Yet  it  is  a  remarkable  fact, 
that  when  Jansenism  was  weakest  as  a  sect,  it 
was  then  expanding  itself  with  the  most  suc- 
cess through  Europe.  "  We  find  traces  of 
these  men,"  says  Ranke,*  "at  Vienna,  and 
at  Brussels,  in  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Italy  itself. 
Sometimes  publicly,  but  oftener  in  secret,  they 
were  diffusing  their  doctrines  through  all 
Catholic  Christendom." 

Yet  Jansenism  nowhere  made  sincere  pro- 
selytes. No  one  now  cared  aught  for  Jan- 
senius,  or  the  condemned  propositions.  Jan- 
senism, at  this  period,  meant  the  party  of  the 
opposition  in  politics  and  religion,  and  in  the 
crusade  against  the  Holy  See.  Of  this  we 

*  Hist.  Pap.  t.  iv,  p.  484. 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.       155 

see  a  new  proof  in  the  irruption  of  Febronian- 
ism  into  Germany.  It  was  in  1763,  that  John 
Nicholas  de  Hontheim,  Bishop  of  Myriophitus 
(in  partibus),  and  Suffragan  of  Treves,  pub- 
lished the  notorious  work  :  "  Justini  Febronii, 
jurisconsulti,  de  statu  praesenti  Ecclesise  et  legi- 
tima  po testate  Komani  Pontificis,  liber  singu- 
laris,  etc."  This  wretched  compilation,  whose 
monstrous  errors  and  gross  contradictions  find 
expression  in  language  in  no  respect  superior 
to  the  ideas,  was  well  received  by  many  in 
Germany,  but  welcomed  with  enthusiasm  by 
the  Jansenists,  who  abounded  in  the  Nether- 
lands. According  to  some  authors,*  the 
book  had  been  composed  with  a  view  to  gain 
popularity  in  the  Austrian  Netherlands,  where 
Hontheim  aspired  to  a  bishopric.  He  per- 
suaded himself  that  he  should  obtain  the  pa- 
tronage of  the  government  by  undermining  the 
Episcopal  power,  and  thus  subjecting  church 
to  state ;  and  that  he  should  deserve  the  suf- 
frages of  some  of  the  clergy,  by  subverting 
the  authority  of  the  Sovereign  Pontiff.  The 
work  itself  is  but  a  medley  of  ideas,  plagiarized 
from  Protestants  and  Jansenists,  where  are 
mingled  sarcasms  against  religious  orders, 

*  Feller,  art.  Hontheim. 


166         REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

with  every  species  of  attack  on  the  Holy  See ; 
it  is  nothing  more  than  an  anti-Catholic  sys- 
tem, founded  on  the  writings  of  the  French 
Appellants,  and  containing  a  recipe,  which 
teaches,  with  all  seriousness  and  minuteness  of 
detail,  the  proper  method  of  concocting  a 
schism. 

In  the  Electorate  of  Treves,  where  this  doc- 
trine was  first  broached,  it  was  productive  of 
the  same  evil  consequences  as  resulted  at 
Vienna  from  the  innovations  of  Stock  and 
Rauttenstrauch.  The  next  year  appeared  an 
ordinance  of  the  Archbishop  Elector  of  Treves, 
prescribing  rules  to  guide  the  selection  of  pro- 
fessors of  theology,  and  regulating  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  faculty.  These  professor- 
ships had  been  held  by  Jesuits.  The  ordi- 
nance states,  that  the  prelate  "  having  duly 
weighed  the  representations,  made  to  him  by 
the  rector  of  the  University,  with  respect  to 
the  persons  who  should,  for  the  future,  fill 
the  chairs  of  philosophy  and  theology,  had 
determined  to  accept  offers,  made  to  him  by 
four  abbeys  of  the  order  of  St.  Benedict,  to 
supply  from  the  number  of  their  religious, 
professors  of  zeal  and  ability."  The  Arch- 
bishop then  proceeds  to  nominate  to  professor- 


ITS     CAUSES    AND     CONSEQUENCES.        157 

ships  three  Benedictins  and  one  secular  priest. 
If  we  call  to  mind  that  many  of  the  German 
Benedictins  adhered  to  Rauttenstrauch,  we 
shall  perceive  the  motive  influencing  this 
selection.  The  doctrines  of  Febronius  were 
penetrating  into  the  Universities,  and  "in 
most  of  them,"  says  Picot,  "  there  prevailed  a 
system  of  theology  and  canon  law,  which  was 
founded  on  a  basis  altogether  new,  and  more 
resembling  the  teachings  of  Protestants,  than 
the  spirit  which  reigned  in  Catholic  schools/'* 
But  in  the  Universities  of  Cologne,  of  Fri- 
burg  in  Brisgau  and  of  Mentz,  though  des- 
tined to  a  final  triumph,  the  revolution  did 
not  meet  with  instantaneous  success.  That 
of  Cologne  was  the  first  to  denounce  the  tenets 
of  Febronius,  and  thus  merited  a  brief  of  feli- 
citation from  his  Holiness,  Clement  XIII. 
Nevertheless  there  were  men  at  Cologne, 
learned  indeed,  but,  says  Pacca,  addicted 
to  novelties,  and  ill-disposed  towards  the  Holy 
See,  who  were  little  satisfied  at  seeing  the 
youth  of  the  Electorate  frequenting  a  Univer- 
sity, where  the  Catholic  doctrine,  and  the  re- 
spect due  to  the  Holy  See,  were  preserved 
pure  and  intact.  These  men  succeeded  in 

*  M6m.  t.  ii,  p.  457. 
14 


158         REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

deceiving  the  Elector  Archbishop  Maximilian 
de  Koenigsegg,  a  prelate  of  unimpeachable 
piety,  but  little  circumspect  against  fraud. 
He  was  persuaded,  as  Father  Theiner  relates, 
to  conceive  the  project  of  establishing  a  Uni- 
versity at  Munster,  a  city  over  which  he  pos- 
sessed episcopal  jurisdiction.  But  finding  this 
design  impracticable,  and  still  acting  under 
the  influence  of  his  perfidious  advisers,  he 
planned  the  foundation  of  a  University  at 
Bonn,  a  city  of  his  diocese.  This  was  accom- 
plished by  his  successor,  and  in  November, 
1786,  the  institution  was  formally  inaugu- 
rated. "  The  day  after  the  ceremony  of  in- 
auguration," says  Pacca, "  a  canon  of  the  grand 
chapter,  on  his  return  to  Cologne,  informed 
me,  that  the  proceedings  on  that  occasion 
might  be  regarded  as  a  solemn  declaration  of 
war  against  the  Holy  See.  I  read  the  dis- 
course, pronounced  by  Baron  de  Spiegel,  and 
found  it  such  as  might  have  been  anticipated 
from  the  character  of  the  man.  He  was  of 
suspicious  principles,  and  said  to  be  affiliated 
to  the  sect  of  the  Illuminati." 

In  his  "History  of  Institutions  for  Eccle- 
siastical Education,"  Father  Theiner  corrobo- 
rates the  testimony  of  Cardinal  Pacca.  "  It  was 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.        159 

the  design  to  revolutionize  clerical  education, 
as  general  education  had  already  undergone 
an  entire  change,  and  to  subject  it  to  the  in- 
fluence of  Illuminism.  Brunner,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  the  sect,  Pico  of  Mirandola,  curate  of 
Tiefenbach,  a  chieftain  of  the  Supreme  Areo- 
pagus, formed  a  plan  for  the  erection  of  a 
Scientific  Academy  for  Catholic  Germany, 
which  should  be  under  the  complete  control 
of  the  Illuminati.  It  would  seem  that  the 
University  of  Bonn  was  selected  to  discharge 
this  honorable  mission.  At  least  from  its 
opening,  in  1786,  it  became  the  secret  refuge 
of  all  the  so-called  liberal  theologians,  who, 
trusting  to  the  protection  of  the  powerful 
German  prelates,  had  the  hardihood  to  treat 
with  undisguised  contempt  the  Holy  See,  the 
decrees  of  the  Church,  the  most  hallowed 
institutions  and  customs,  as  well  as  the  vene- 
rable person  of  the  Chief  of  the  Christian 
world.  Dereser,  belonging  to  the  order  of 
the  discalceate  Carmelites,  known  at  that 
time  by  the  name  of  Brother  Thaddeus  of  St. 
Adam,  the  preceptor  of  the  Elector  Palatine's 
son,  was  a  principal  agent  in  founding  this 
University,  and  by  his  dexterity  he  had  gained 
over  it  a  controlling  influence.  The  villany 


160         REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

and  effrontery  of  these  instructors  of  the  fu- 
ture clergy,  surpass  belief,  and  were  revolting 
even  to  their  contemporaries.  But  no  cry  of 

alarm   was   raised Bonn  became  the 

seat  of  theological  and  Catholic  education  for 
Germany.  Thence  issued  the  declaration  of 
war  against  obscurantism  and  pretended  ultni- 
montanism.  An  attack  was  then  commenced 
on  the  ancient  University  of  Cologne,  that 
celebrated  fortress  of  the  faith,  and  the  assault 
was  continued,  until  the  stoutest  bulwark  of 
Catholicity  in  Germany  was  completely  de- 
molished." 

Every  remaining  asylum  of  religion,  of 
piety,  and  of  faith  was  doomed  to  a  like  ihui. 
In  1773,  the  year  of  the  suppression,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wurtzburg  was  contaminated  by 
the  introduction  of  Jansenism.  Judge  from 
the  catalogue  of  its  text-books.  They  were 
such  as  the  "  Theologia  Moralis"  of  Godeau, 
Bishop  of  Vence,  the  intimate  of  Saint-Cyran ; 
the  "  Theologia  Mentis  et  Cordis"  of  Conten- 
son ;  the  "  Breviarum  Historiae  Ecclesiastics"  of 
Berti.*  The  same  changes  were  effected  at 
Friburg  in  Brisgau,  and  at  Mentz,  where  the 
Universities  had  formerly  been  directed  by  the 

*  Bcenike,  Hist.  Univ.  Wurtzb.  p.  213. 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.        161 

Jesuits.  "  To  the  Universities  of  Friburg  and 
Bonn,  which  were  charged  with  the  task  of 
kindling  the  incendiary  torch  of  Illuminism 
in  Catholic  Germany,  of  overturning  altars, 
cemented  with,  and  sanctified  by  the  blood 
of  martyrs,  was  soon  associated  a  third, 
the  Academy  of  Mentz,  which  elevated  its 
haughty  head  above  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
and  famous  City  of  the  Apostle.  Its  founder 
was  Frederick  Charles  d'Erthal,  Elector  and 
Archbishop  of  Mentz,  a  zealous  propagator  of 
Illuminism,  and  for  that  reason  so  popular  at 
the  present  day.  He  had  erected  it  on  the 
yet  smoking  ruins  of  the  University  of  the 
Jesuits."* 

3.  The  flood-gates  were  now  opened,  and  Jan- 
senism poured  into  Germany.  Few  of  the 
works  on  theology  and  ecclesiastical  history, 
which  were  then  published,  were  free  from  its 
venom.  Yet  Jansenism  was  but  a  cloak, 
under  which  lurked  Anti-christian  Philoso- 
phy.-}- We  invoke  a  Protestant  traveller  to 

*  Theiner,  Hist,  des  lust.  d'Educ.  Ecc.  t.  2,  p.  42. 

•(•  Then  also  was  in  preparation  the  revolution  which  was 
destined  to  imbrue  France  and  Europe  in  blood.  More 
than  one  passage  in  Pacca's  Memoirs,  will  tend  to  show  the 
affinity  existing  between  the  Jansenists,  the  reformers  of 

14* 


162         REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

testify  the  character  of  the  doctrine  taught  at 
Vienna  in  the  times  of  Joseph  II.  The  Baron 
de  Kiesbeck,  in  his  travels  through  Germany, 
thus  writes :  "  The  clergy  bear  within  their 
bosom  a  serpent  which  will  sting  them  to 
death ;  this  serpent,  infidel  philosophy,  under 
the  false  appearance  of  theology,  has  crept 
even  as  far  as  the  episcopal  throne,  and  has 
infected  with  its  poison  many  young  ecclesias- 
tics of  the  Universities." 

the  Universities,  and  the  revolutionists,  the  enemies  of  all 
law,  human  and  divine.  In  his  "  Nunciature  at  Lisbon," 
the  Cardinal  describes  the  loathsome  character  of  a  certain 
Faria  Lemos,  the  evil  spirit  of  Pombal,  an  intruder  in  the 
See  of  Coimbra,  whilst  the  legitimate  bishop  was  pining 
away  in  the  dungeons  of  the  pitiless  minister.  Lemos 
began  his  episcopal  career  by  disseminating  Jansenist  pro- 
ductions through  his  diocese,  and  putting  into  the  hands 
of  youth,  such  books  as  Febronius.  This  ravenous  wolf,  as 
Pacca  calls  him,  was  the  correspondent  of  the  infamous 
Gre"goire,  constitutional  Bishop  of  Blois,  a  fanatical  Jansen- 
ist, republican,  and  regicide  (p.  366).  Elsewhere  the 
learned  Cardinal  informs  us,  that  "no  sooner  had  the 
French  Revolution  consummated  its  fatal  schism,  by  the 
sacrilegious  consecration  of  bishops,  instituted  or  confirmed 
by  the  National  Assembly,  than  many  professors  of  the 
German  Universities  flocked  to  the  standard  of  the  intruded 
clergy :  a  happy  desertion,  which  purged  Germany  of  some 
of  those  perverse  men,  who,  from  the  height  of  their  chairs 
of  pestilence,  scattered  abroad  the  most  impious  maxima 
and  pernicious  errors. "  (Nunc.  Col.  p.  266.) 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.        163 

From  the  year  1780,  Joseph  being  now  on 
the  throne,  the  spirit  of  impiety  made  fright- 
ful progress.  As  long  as  the  pious  Maria 
Theresa  survived,  it  was  disguised  under  the 
deceptive  name  of  reform ;  but  after  the  death 
of  the  Empress,  it  unmasked  all  its  hideous 
reality.  Then  were  declared  open  hostilities 
against  the  Holy  See,  against  Catholicity, 
against  all  religion.  The  proceedings  of 
Joseph  II,  and  Herbestein,  Bishop  of  Laybach, 
his  worthy  accomplice,  are  notorious.  Joseph, 
without  the  slightest  regard  for  the  rights  of 
the  Holy  See,  or  the  episcopal  order,  subjected 
the  dioceses  to  a  new  territorial  division,  re- 
moved the  sacred  images  from  the  churches, 
declared  the  impediments  invalidating  matri- 
mony to  be  of  no  efficacy,  legalized  divorce, 
annulled  or  changed  sentences  of  the  episcopal 
tribunals,  tore  religious  from  their  monaste- 
ries, and  secularized  them  at  pleasure,  perse- 
cuted those  who  resisted  his  innovations,  and 
even  made  a  formal  proposition  to  Chevalier 
d'Azara,  the  minister  of  Spain,  to  unite  in 
open  schism.  But  to  pervert  theological  edu- 
cation was  his  main  object.  For  this  purpose, 
he  abolished  all  the  diocesan  seminaries  in 
his  States,  and  substituted  for  them  but  five 


164        REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

or  six,  whose  doctrine  and  discipline,  he  him- 
self determined.  He  also  convoked  the  Con- 
gress of  Ems,  and  incited  the  German  bishops 
to  oppose  the  papal  authority.  "  On  the  25th 
of  August,"  writes  Cardinal  Pacca,  "  the  Con- 
gress of  Ems  terminated  its  sessions.  The 
four  deputies  of  the  archbishops  of  Germany 
subscribed  the  articles  previously  drawn  up  by 
them,  and  in  the  beginning  of  September, 
appeared  the  letter,  addressed  by  the  arch- 
bishops to  Joseph,  a  letter  written  with  a  pen 
dipped  in  gall,  a  letter  worthy  of  a  Sarpi,  full 
of  calumnious  accusations  against  the  Holy 
See,  a  letter,  from  which  they  reaped  nothing 
but  shame  and  confusion."* 

Among  the  German  clergy,  impiety  was 
now  triumphant.  Sceptical  rationalism,  which 
had  so  long  besieged  every  gate  of  the  temple, 
no  longer  found  opponents.  From  the  year 
1753,  Semler,  professor  of  theology  at  the 
Protestant  University  of  Halle,  under  pre- 
tence of  giving  a  more  liberal  interpretation 
to  the  Holy  Scriptures,  was  destroying  all 
belief  in  divine  revelation.  His  lectures  and 
his  works  tended  to  debase  Christianity  to  a 
doctrine  purely  human.  He  taught  for  the 

*  Nunc.  Coll.  p.  193. 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.        165 

space  of  thirty-eight  years,  and  towards  the 
end  of  this  period  was  particularly  successful 
in  gathering  disciples  into  his  new  school.  At 
the  same  time  lived  Teller,  professor  of  theo- 
logy at  Helmstadt.  In  1767,  he  had  been 
declared  guilty  of  heresy,  and  having  been 
compelled  to  resign  his  chair,  took  refuge  at 
Berlin,  where  he  flattered  himself  he  would 
enjoy  unrestricted  freedom.  But  some  years 
after,  so  popular  had  become  these  destructive 
principles,  that  he  might,  without  encounter- 
ing opposition,  turn  into  mockery  the  doctrinal 
and  even  the  moral  teachings  of  the  Gospel, 
and  transform  into  myths  and  allegories,  every 
supernatural  event  recorded  in  Holy  Scrip- 
ture. The  progress  made  in  this  new  system 
of  interpretation  may  be  inferred  from  an 
expression  of  Michaelis,  who  had  witnessed 
the  commencement  of  this  revolution  in  Pro- 
testant ideas  :  "  Once,"  said  he,  "  I  passed  for 
a  heretic,  but  now,  to  my  surprise,  I  find 
myself  orthodox." 

Then  too  lived  Nicolai,  the  Berlinese  book- 
seller and  scholar,  a  bitter  foe  to  Christianity. 
Nicolai  had  formed  an  association  for  the  pur- 
pose of  editing  a  literary  review,  or  rather 
encyclopedia,  which  he  termed  the  "Universal 


166         REFORM    OP    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

Library  of  German  Literature."  Its  publica- 
tion was  begun  in  1765,  and  continued  to 
1792.  In  this  review  Nicolai  and  bis  cabal, 
under  the  pretext  of  giving  an  account  of 
recent  productions,  fell  furiously  upon  the 
dogmas  of  Christian  faith,  and  denied  the  in- 
spiration and  divine  authority  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, the  divinity  of  Christ,  prophecies, 
miracles,  and  all  supernatural  intervention. 
For  a  time  their  impious  purpose  was  con- 
cealed, but  the  mask  was  at  length  thrown 
aside  by  Lessing,  in  his  "  Anonymous  Frag- 
ments," where  revelation,  the  mystery  of  the 
resurrection,  the  mission  of  Jesus  Christ  and 
of  his  disciples  were  openly  impugned.  Thence- 
forth Nicolai  and  his  accomplices  became  the 
most  zealous  apostles  of  Illuminism,  and  drew 
over  to  their  cause  all  the  scientific  periodicals 
in  Germany.  But  their  impieties  now  began 
to  shock  Protestants  themselves,  and  there 
were  some  poetical  and  loving  souls,  such  as 
Klopstock,  Herder,  Jacobi,  Lavater,  and  even 
a  follower  of  Rousseau,  the  Swiss  Kirch berger, 
raised  a  warning  voice  against  the  withering 
influence  of  rationalism. 

Who  then  can  harbor  a  doubt  with  regard 
to  the  intentions  of  these  reformers  ?     From 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.        167 

their  fruits  shall  ye  know  them.  Say  not 
then  that  it  was  the  scientific  inferiority  of  the 
Jesuits,  or  the  decline  of  their  schools  that 
set  in  motion  this  reform.  Nor  was  it  any  lack 
of  able  professors  among  them,  that  compelled 
the  substitution  of  those  whose  Anti-christian 
work  we  have  beheld.  In  the  following  chap- 
ter we  shall  undertake  to  prove  that  the  Society 
then  possessed  a  number  of  professors,  whose 
brows  are  still  encircled  with  the  halo  of  learn- 
ing, whilst  their  successors  are  now  forgotten, 
or,  if  remembered,  are  remembered  only  for 
the  enormity  of  their  crimes,  for  their  frightful 
excesses,  and  for  the  heterodoxy  of  their 
teaching. 

This  revolution  of  religion,  this  triumph  of 
scepticism,  was,  in  a  great  degree,  owing  to 
the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuit  professors.  Such 
is  the  opinion  of  Cardinal  Pacca,  who  de- 
clares, that  "so  long  as  the  Society  of 
Jesus  subsisted  in  Germany,  with  its  numer- 
ous colleges  and  public  schools,  these  destruc- 
tive maxims  encountered  an  uncompromising 
opposition,  which  prevented  their  general 
adoption.  But  the  suppression  of  an  order  so 
well  deserving  of  the  Church,  the  introduc* 
tion  and  multiplication  of  secret  societies,  were 


168         REFORM    OP    THE    UNIVERSITIES. 

events  pregnant  with  lamentable  and  even 
fatal  disasters.  Then  every  obstacle  was  re- 
moved, and  Germany  was  inundated  with 
books  of  the  most  pernicious  tendency." 

How  unjust,  then,  is  it  not,  to  upbraid  the 
Jesuits  with  the  charge,  that  at  a  time  when 
every  rebellious  and  impious  passion  was  un- 
chained, they  had  not  sufficient  strength  to 
combat,  still  less  could  they  arrest  or  van- 
quish them?  The  Jesuits  might  reply  with 
the  Grecian  orator :  "  Success  belongs  to  the 
immortal  gods ;  courage  and  exertion  are  re- 
quired of  us,  but  victory  must  come  from 
them."  But  the  Jesuits  were  not  unfrequently 
denied  even  the  opportunity  of  exertion. 
What  course  was  adopted  by  the  infidels  of 
France  to  rid  themselves  of  these  men,  in 
whom  they,  no  doubt,  saw  courage  to  combat 
and  strength  to  vanquish  them  ?  They  drove 
them  from  the  lists,  without  allowing  them 
even  the  privilege  of  a  combat.  What  in 
Germany  by  Stock,  Febronius,  Joseph,  and 
the  rationalists?  Evidently  quailing  before 
these  champions  of  Catholicity  and  the  Holy 
See,  they  dragged  them  from  their  chairs,  they 
sealed  their  lips,  they  finally  obtained  from 
kings  their  banishment,  and  their  entire  sup- 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.       169 

pression  from  the  Pope.  It  is  a  well-attested 
fact  in  history  that  the  Jesuits  beyond  all 
others,  were  an  object  of  dread  to  the  ene- 
mies of  the  Church  and  the  Holy  See.  Of 
this  dread  several  passages  of  Pacca's  Memoirs 
furnish  indications.  "  Nicolai,"  says  the  Car- 
dinal, "  to  bring  these  refutations  into  discredit, 
exhausted  on  them  every  abusive  epithet. 
He  had  recourse  to  an  artifice  of  diabolical 
ingenuity  and  malice.  He  announced  that  a 
great  number  of  Jesuits  were  dispersed  through 
Protestant  Germany,  and  feigning  to  belong 
to  the  Lutheran  or  Calviriist  sect,  had  crept 
in  among  the  Protestant  clergy,  and  from  the 
pulpits  of  the  reform,  were  sowing  the  doc- 
trines of  Popery  and  the  maxims  of  a  fanati- 
cal superstition.  By  this  malicious  invention 
he  sought  to  destroy  the  confidence  of  the 
people  in  the  pastors,  who  still  preserved  a 
great  part  of  Christian  belief."* 

This  dread  will  be  still  further  evinced  by  a 
passage  from  Theiner.f  "  The  system  of  tac- 
tics adopted  by  Nicolai  and  his  Berlinese  ac- 
complices, with  respect  to  those  who  dared  to 
differ  in  opinion  from  them,  was  continued 
and  improved  by  these  new  heroes  of  II- 

*  Page  208.  f  Hist-  deslnst.  t.  ii,  p.  31. 

16 


170         REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

luminism.  Whoever  ventured  to  oppose  them, 
was  treated  as  an  open  or  disguised  Jesuit. 
Henceforth  the  word  Jesuit  comprised  in  its 
signification  all  'that  was  flagitious,  and  was 
regarded  as  synonymous  with  scoundrel,  as- 
sassin, enemy  of  religion,  and  disturber  of  pub- 
lic peace.  This  new  epithet  of  opprobrium 
soon  became  common  through  Germany,  and 
was  the  battle-cry  wherever  sedition  was  to  be 
excited,  or  an  enemy  to  be  ruined.  He,  whom 
the  propaganda  of  the  Illuminati  and  the 
followers  of  the  sect  had  once  branded  with 
this  term  of  reproach,  was  so  irretrievably 
ruined  that  no  expedient  could  restore  his 
honor  and  good  name.  By  help  of  this  epi- 
thet, how  many  disorders  have  been  occasioned, 
how  many  revolting  deeds  of  iniquity  have 
been  perpetrated  !  Did  any  one  plot  to  de- 
prive a  Protestant  prince  of  the  affection  of 
his  subjects,  it  was  sufficient  to  spread  the 
rumor  that  a  Jesuit  had  penetrated  into  his 
cabinet,  and  was  endeavoring  to  proselytize 
him.  Did  any  miscreant  find  it  to  his  interest 
to  pull  down  from  his  eminence  some  high- 
minded  minister,  or  incorruptible  officer  of 
government,  whether  the  state  was  Catho- 
lic or  Protestant,  it  sufficed  to  whisper  that  he 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.       171 

was  a  Jesuit  in  disguise.  The  scholar  even, 
who  was  suspected  of  being  a  Jesuit,  however 
profound  his  learning  and  irreproachable  his 
life,  would  vainly  seek  employment  as  a  pro- 
fessor ;  he  must  withdraw  to  his  obscurity,  and 
submit  to  become  a  victim  to  the  infatuation 
of  the  age." 

It  is  therefore  obvious  that  the  Jesuits  have 
been  viewed  with  a  hatred  and  detestation  al- 
together peculiar.  Yes,  on  the  Jesuits  have 
been  concentrated  all  wrath,  all  rancor,  all 
vengeance  ;  they  were  the  most  formidable  of 
the  enemy ;  they  personified  all  the  defenders 
of  revealed  truth ;  they  represented  all  who 
refused  to  bow  their  heads  under  the  yoke  of 
infidelity,  all  who  defended  the  cause  of  the 
Church,  or  even  of  a  supernatural  religion. 

And  in  fact  these  men  are  not  entirely 
wrong.  In  spite  of  their  efforts  to  hush  the 
voice  of  the  Jesuits ;  in  spite  of  their  malig- 
nant determination  to  mark  with  that  igno- 
minious name  all  who  might  prove  dangerous 
to  them,  it  has  always  been  from  this  Society, 
menaced  or  destroyed,  that  have  gone  forth 
the  most  vigorous  athletes  to  fight  in  defence 
of  truth. 

Before,  and  for  some  years  after,  the  suppres- 


172         REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES, 

sion  they  were  the  earliest  and  most  formi- 
dable opponents  of  Febronius.  That  innovator 
was  assailed  successively  by  Father  Zech  and 
Father  Antony  Schmidt,  both  distinguished 
canonists,  by  Father  Joseph  Kleiner,  professor 
of  canon  law  at  Heidelberg,  by  Feller,  and 
finally  by  Zaccaria,  who  at  length  triumphed 
over  Hontheim's  obstinacy. 

Feller  was  one  of  those  who  displayed  the 
most  talent,  and  obtained  the  most  signal  suc- 
cess in  refuting  the  doctrines  promulgated  at 
the  Congress  of  Ems.  It  was  to  Feller,  and  the 
members  of  the  suppressed  Society  that  Car- 
dinal Paccahad  recourse  during  his  Nunciature 
at  Cologne.  "  I  entered  into  correspondence,'* 
says  he,  "  with  many  ecclesiastics,  the  most  of 
them  ex-Jesuits,  with  whose  worth,  learning, 
and  zeal  I  was  acquainted.  I  earnestly  be- 
sought them  to  write  in  defence  of  the  Roman 
primacy,  and  the  Apostolic  Nunciatures,  in 
order  to  refute  the  libels  constantly  vomited 
forth  against  the  Holy  See  and  its  ministers. 
At  my  pressing  solicitations,  these  pious  and 
learned  ecclesiastics  assumed  the  task,  and 
there  soon  appeared  a  number  of  books,  which 
were  received  with  joy  by  the  good,  which 
triumphantly  repelled  the  calumnies  of  the 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.         173 

bad,  and  over  the  prepossessions  of  many  ob- 
tained a  brilliant  victory  for  the  cause  of 
truth."  Pacca  then  enters  into  a  detail  of  his 
labors,  and  after  the  enumeration  of  some  par- 
ticulars, he  subjoins  :  "  These  six  productions 
were  from  the  pen  of  the  celebrated  Father 
Feller,  who,  in  France,  has  won  high  reputa- 
tion as  an  author.  For  several  years  I  was 
in  constant  correspondence  with  him.  An- 
other writer  on  the  same  side  was  the  famous 
Zallinger,  an  ex-Jesuit,  whose  treatises  on 
natural  and  canon  law  are  so  highly  valued."* 
Then  returning  to  Feller,  the  Cardinal  thus 
concludes  :  "  As  soon  as  Feller's  work,  entitled 
'True  State,'  etc.,  was  published,  I  sent  a 
copy  to  Rome.  The  book  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  be  acceptable  to  his  Holiness,  who 
spoke  of  it  in  terms  of  admiration  to  Boschi 
and  Zaccaria,  deigning  to  add  many  expres- 
sions of  benevolence  and  affection  for  me,  for 
what  he  was  pleased  to  regard  my  active  zeal 
in  behalf  of  the  rights  of  the  Holy  See. 
Cardinal  Boschi  and  Abbe  Zaccaria  joined  in 
congratulating  me  for  having  given  satisfac- 

*  Pacca  also  mentions  "  Father  Dedoyar,  a  Belgian,  for- 
merly of  the  Society,  who  gained  applause  for  other  wri- 
tings on  subjects  connected  with  religion." 

15* 


174         REFORM    OF    THB    UNIVERSITIES, 

tion  to  the  Pope,  and  both  requested  a  copy  of 
the  work  for  themselves." 

In  whatever  part  of  Germany  the  Church 
was  engaged  in  conflict,  we  see  some  Jesuits 
enter  the  lists,  and  mingle  conspicuously  in 
the  strife.  In  one  place  we  find  Father 
Thomas  Aquinas  Mayer,  who  merited  praise 
from  the  mouth  of  Pius  VI;  in  another, 
Father  Weissembach,  skilful  and  zealous  in 
controversy ;  in  various  places,  such  men  as 
Aloysius  Mertz,  the  scourge  of  Protestantism, 
which  he  combatted  in  no  less  than  seventy- 
five  works ;  Sigismund  Storchenau,  as  success- 
ful in  polemic  discussion,  as  in  metaphysical 
investigation ;  Antony  Topp,  who  by  his 
translations  from  the  French,  introduced  many 
useful  books  into  Germany ;  Hermann  Gold- 
hagen  and  Lawrence  Veith,  both  eminent  in 
sacred  philosophy ;  Malsiner  and  Muttschell, 
young,  but  intrepid  soldiers ;  James  Antony 
Zallinger,  whose  eulogy  Pacca  has  just  pro- 
nounced, whom  Pius  VI  summoned  to  Rome, 
that  he  might  profit  by  his  advice,  and  occupy 
him  still  more  advantageously  for  the  defence 
of  the  Church ;  John  Schwab,  and  Sailer,  then 
just  emerging  from  youth,  afterwards  Bishop 
of  Ratisbon.  And  finally,  let  us  accord  a 


ITS    CAUSES    AND    CONSEQUENCES.        175 

distinguished  place  to  Matthias  Schoenberg 
and  Benedict  Stattler  ;  the  latter  one  of  the 
most  esteemed  Catholic  writers  of  the  time, 
the  former  a  most  indefatigable  and  powerful 
antagonist  of  heretics  and  infidels,  and  among 
the  first  to  attack  the  sceptical  philosophy  of 
Kant.  To  him  the  Elector  of  Bavaria  intrust- 
ed the  direction  of  the  Golden  Almonry,  an 
Institution  whose  object  was  the  circula- 
tion of  instructive  books  among  the  people. 
"Schoenberg  himself,"  says  the  Protestant 
Schoell,  in  his  Universal  Biography,  "prepared 
for  the  press  forty  works  of  a  popular  charac- 
ter, which  being  printed  in  large  and  repeated 
editions,  have  greatly  contributed  to  the  ad- 
vancement of  religion  among  the  people  of 
Southern  Germany  and  the  Catholic  cantons 
of  Switzerland." 

In  the  following  chapter  will  be  more  fully 
stated  the  condition  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  at 
the  time  of  its  suppression,  and  it  will  be  more 
clearly  seen  that  the  courts  and  their  advisers, 
when  they  expelled  the  Jesuits  from  their 
Universities,  did  not  aim  at  punishing  them 
for  their  negligence,  or  their  literary  and 
scientific  deficiencies,  but  at  inflicting,  in  their 


176         REFORM    OF    THE    UNIVERSITIES. 

person,  a  deadly  wound  on  faith,  and  com- 
pleting the  Antichristian  Revolution.* 

*  In  this  history  of  the  reform  of  the  German  Universi- 
ties, we  have  terminated  our  narrative  at  the  year  1792, 
because  then  at  length  the  ecclesiastical  and  secular  princes, 
who  had  originated  or  promoted  it,  began  to  open  their 
eyes,  and  discern  the  abyss  into  which  the  perilous  Utopias 
of  the  innovators  were  conducting  them. 


Janrifc. 


SCIENTIFIC   CONDITION   OF   THE    JESUITS,   AND    THEIR 
SCHOOLS   AT  THE   TIME   OF   THE   SUPPRESSION. 

PART   I. 

1.  IN  the  eighteenth  century,  that  century 
of  religious,  political,  and  moral  decline,  we 
should  look  in  vain  for  the  thoroughness  of 
education,  which  had  distinguished  the  two 
preceding  ages,  an  education  so  favorable  to 
the  development  of  the  mental  faculties,  and 
so  productive  of  men  eminent  in  intellect  and 
profound  in  learning.  Science  had  now  gained 
in  extent,  but  it  had  lost  in  depth.  Under 
pretence  of  clearing  the  field  of  those  cumber- 
some structures,  devoid  of  art,  sometimes  even 
of  utility,  but  nevertheless  Cyclopean  in  di- 
mensions ;  under  pretence  of  giving  form  to  a 
shapeless  mass,  for  true  science  had  been  sub- 
stituted order  and  classification.*  Two  cen- 

*  We  willingly  acknowledge  more  than  one  exception  to 
this  general  proposition  :  we  ourselves  except  the  Bollan- 
dists,  the  collectors  of  the  councils,  the  Hungarian  annal- 
ists and  historians,  Muratori,  Zaccaria,  etc. 


178      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

turies  had  exhausted  the  productive  energies 
of  Europe,  and  she  now  confined  herself  to  the 
care  of  improving,  or  the  pleasure  of  enjoying 
what  already  existed.  Taste  succeeded  crea- 
tive power ;  criticism  held  the  place  of  genius. 
The  children  of  St.  Ignatius  could  not  claim 
exemption  from  the  law  of  their  age;  but  in 
yielding  to  a  sad  necessity,  they  did  not  yield 
without  resistance,  and  sometimes  achieved  a 
partial  victory.  "Their  ranks,"  says  Cre*ti- 
neau-Joly,  "  no  longer  numbered  a  Laynez,  a 
Bellarmine,  a  Petavius,  a  Bourdaloue;  they 
belonged  to  a  decaying  age.  They  did  not 
tower  above  their  predecessors  in  genius,  and 
in  sublimity  of  ideas ;  but,  though  affected  by 
a  blasting  influence  which  they  had  resisted 
so  long,  they  were  yet  orators  and  historians, 
philosophers  and  critics,  scholars  and  men  of 
letters."* 

Let  us  endeavor  to  represent  to  ourselves 
their  situation  in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  They  were  free  from  no  species  of 
aggression.  Kings,  philosophers,  ministers, 
magistrates,  sometimes,  alas!  that  it  should 
be  so,  jealous  and  short-sighted  brethren  of  the 
clergy,  all  were  banded  together  in  the  general 

*  Hist,  de  la  Comp.  t.  v,  p.  378,  3d  edition. 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      179 

assault  on  the  Society  of  Jesus.  To  these 
Catos  it  was  a  second  Carthage :  its  destruc- 
tion was  the  peroration  of  every  discourse,  the 
object  of  all  diplomacy,  the  constant  thought 
of  its  enemies,  the  term  to  which  tended  all 
their  exertions.  Pursued  with  such  fury,  and 
assailed  so  incessantly,  the  exigencies  of  the 
present  excluded  care  for  the  future,  and  the 
necessities  of  the  defence  forbade  application 
to  science  or  literature.  In  a  word,  to  be  or 
not  to  be,  with  them  as  with  the  hero  of  the 
English  poet,  was  the  question  which  absorbed 
every  energy  of  the  mind,  and  exhausted 
every  feeling  of  the  heart.  Whilst  already 
under  sentence  of  death,  and  scarcely  hoping 
for  a  day's  reprieve,  did  they  possess  that 
tranquillity,  that  security,  that  expectation  of 
continuous  leisure,  which  are  so  requisite  for 
scientific  research  and  literary  meditation  ? 

But  the  time  of  execution  came,  and  the 
Jesuits  are  scattered  through  every  quarter  of 
the  globe.  In  their  state  of  isolation,  a  prey 
to  sadness  and  regret,  they  were  deprived  of 
the  help  of  combination,  which  multiplies  in- 
dividual strength;  of  that  devoted  courage 
which  animates  and  sustains  the  religious, 
when  he  meditates,  when  he  toils,  not  for  his 


180      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

own  paltry  interests,  or  some  wretched  dream 
of  personal  aggrandizement,  but  for  the  glory 
and  exaltation  of  a  mother,  of  a  family  he 
cherishes ;  they  were  deprived  of  that  mutual 
counsel,  that  intercourse,  that  commerce  and 
exchange  of  thought  and  invention,  which  are 
the  property  of  each,  and  constitute  the  wealth 
of  all.  And  indeed  we  shall  see  exemplified 
in  the  later  years  of  their  existence,  how 
ready  the  children  of  Ignatius  were  to  assist 
each  other  in  their  intellectual  pursuits,  and 
what  benefit  science  reaped  from  the  diffusion 
of  a  numerous  Society,  which  embracing  every 
country  of  Europe,  was  ever  adding  new 
knowledge  to  the  treasures  of  science,  or  dis- 
pensing every  where  what  had  been  acquired 
by  their  predecessors. 

Remembering  all  the  obstacles  thrown  in 
their  way  by  their  enemies,  and  the  contests 
into  which  they  compelled  them  to  enter, 
reflecting  on  the  anguish  which  their  exile 
must  have  occasioned  them,  we  are  amazed 
that  the  Jesuits  were  able  to  bear  up  against 
the  aggressions  of  their  antagonists  and  their 
own  dejection  of  mind,  and  still  pursue  their 
literary  toils.  Like  the  children  of  Israel,  in 
one  hand  they  grasped  their  weapon  for  com- 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      181 

bat,  whilst  in  the  other  they  held  the  imple- 
ment for  constructing.  On  the  banks  of  the 
rivers  of  their  exile,  animated  by  the  recollec- 
tion of  the  Society,  their  Jerusalem,  and  by 
the  hope  of  seeing  it  rise  from  its  ruins,  they 
solaced  the  miseries  of  the  past,  and  were  pre- 
paring for  it  a  new  existence  in  the  future. 

Let  us  follow  them  in  their  travels  through 
the  field  of  science ;  let  us  enumerate  the  ex- 
plorers; let  us  examine  the  discoveries  they 
have  made,  and  the  riches  they  have  added  to 
former  acquisitions. 

2.  Beginning  with  the  ecclesiastical  sciences, 
how  many  theologians,  canonists,  exegetists, 
sacred  orators,  ascetical  writers,  are  marshalled 
before  our  view ! 

Among  the  theologians,  we  distinguish  the 
two  Voglers,  Conrad  and  Joseph,  doctors  of 
Ingolstadt ;  Hermann  and  Seedorf,  professors 
of  the  same  University,  and  authors,  the  one 
of  valuable  treatises  on  the  Divine  knowledge 
and  will,  the  other  of  twelve  controversial  let- 
ters, praised  by  the  great  Benedict  XIV; 
Muszka,  professor  of  theology,  and  afterwards 
Superior  of  the  province  of  Vienna;  J.  B. 
Prileszki,  the  Hungarian,  and  Lineck  of  Bo- 
hemia, both  erudite  historians,  and  skilful  theo- 

16 


182      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

logians ;  Gautier,  a  doctor  of  the  University 
of  Cologne ;  Pichler,  who  also  appears  among 
the  canonists,  but  deserves  place  here  for  his 
work  on  polemic  theology ;  John  Haiden ; 
Re uter,  professor  in  the  University  of  Treves, 
the  author  of  the  learned  "  Lessons,"  and  the 
"  Neo-confessarius,"  than  whom,  no  one  of  that 
age  contributed  more  to  the  propagation  of 
theological  science;  Manhart,  an  eminent  pro- 
fessor of  Inspruck ;  the  Wirceburgenses,  Henry 
Kilber,  Thomas  Holtzclau,  Ignatius  Neubaiier, 
who  labored  in  common  on  the  theology  of 
Wurtzburg,  the  most  celebrated  in  Germany 
during  that  century,  and  enjoying  high  repu- 
tation even  now ;  Edmund  Voit,  whose  "  Moral 
Theology,"  is  remarkable  for  order,  clearness, 
and  for  its  judicious  solutions  ;  Sardagna,  who 
wrote  the  dogmatic  theology  of  Ratisbon,  from 
whose  merit  time  has  not  detracted,  and  of 
whose  book  a  new  edition  has  lately  appeared. 
To  this  catalogue  of  German  theologians, 
we  have  other  names  to  add,  when  we  shall 
speak  of  the  Universities.  Those  of  Germany 
first  attracted  our  attention,  because,  it  will  be 
remembered,  the  charge  was  that  in  Germany, 
particularly,  the  Society  of  Jesus  had  per- 
mitted the  extinction  of  theological  science. 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      183 

But  in  every  country  of  Catholic  Europe  we 
shall  find  honored  names.  After  Viva,  and 
Antoine,  who  immediately  preceded  him  in 
the  theological  arena,  we  award  the  precedence 
to  John  Baptist  Faure,  equally  illustrious  in 
exegesis,  in  philosophy,  in  controversy,  and  in 
theology ;  in  which  sciences  he  filled  professor- 
ships successively  during  a  career  of  thirty 
years.  Faure,  without  doubt,  was  the  most 
eminent  theologian  of  his  age.  The  counsel- 
lor of  Benedict  XIV,  and  Clement  XIII,  im- 
prisoned under  Clement  XIV,  he  withdrew 
into  retirement  when  released  by  Pius  VI,  and 
died  at  Viterbo,  where  the  city  and  senate 
honored  him  with  a  statue  and  a  tomb.  To 
Faure  succeed  Alegre,  a  Mexican,  who  was  a 
theologian  and  a  man  of  letters ;  Alticozzi,  De 
Herce,  Malsiner  Navarro,  Piascewich,  an  Illy- 
rian ;  the  French  Jesuits  Simonet,  doctor  of 
Pont-a-Mousson,  Charles  Merlin,  professor  at 
Louis-le-Grand,  and  the  profound  Dumesnil ; 
Lazeri,  whose  theological  lore  was  equalled 
only  by  his  knowledge  of  languages,  under 
different  Pontiffs  consultor  of  the  "Index," 
corrector  of  oriental  works,  and  examiner  of 
Bishops,  offices  which  he  kept  even  under 
Clement  XIV  ;  Angeri,  theologian  of  the  Pope, 


184      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION— SCHOOLS. 

a  title  which  Clement,  who  destroyed  the  So- 
ciety, wished  him  to  retain.  From  the  sup- 
pression of  the  Society  to  its  restoration,  the 
same  post  of  honor  was  occupied  by  Jesuits, 
by  Hyacinth  Stopping  Arevalo,  Vincent  Bol- 
geni,  so  formidable  to  innovators,  Joseph  Ma- 
rinovich,  Vincent  Giorgi,  Alphonso  Muzzarelli, 
after  Faure,  first  in  theology,  controversy,  and 
ascetical  literature. 

Following  the  example  of  the  Sovereign 
Pontiffs,  various  prelates  chose  the  Fathers  of 
the  Society  for  their  counsellors  and  guides ; 
they  found  among  them,  also,  examiners  for 
their  synods,  and  the  most  experienced  casuists. 

Of  the  Society  were  the  most  skilful  inter- 
preters of  the  Sacred  Scriptures;  such  as 
Videnhofer,  Goldhagen,  Weissembach,  Weite- 
naiier,  Lawrence  Veith,  the  most  renowned 
exegetists  in  Germany,  and  probably  in  Catho- 
lic Europe.  Veith,  professor  at  Ingolstadt,  and 
after  the  suppression,  at  the  Catholic  Lyceum 
of  Augsburg,  is  famous  for  his  talent  and  eru- 
dition, and  the  merit  of  his  works  is  attested 
by  the  briefs  addressed  to  him  by  the  Sove- 
reign Pontiff. 

Outside  of  Germany  we  see  such  men  as 
Peter  Curti,  Professor  of  Hebrew  at  the  Ro- 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      185 

man  College,  the  author  of  several  learned 
and  curious  dissertations  on  various  obscure 
passages  in  the  Holy  Scripture ;  Berthier  and 
Philip  Lallemant  in  France;  John  Baptist 
Gener,  a  Spaniard,  conspicuous  in  theology, 
and  exegesis ;  Alphonso  Nicolai,  whose  eru- 
dition, displayed  in  the  chair  of  Sacred  Scrip- 
ture, at  Florence,  obtained  his  nomination  as 
the  theologian  of  Francis  I,  and  who,  though 
his  writings  on  scriptural  subjects  fill  thirteen 
quarto  volumes,  still  found  leisure  for  apolo- 
getic, literary,  historical,  and  poetical  labors. 

The  science  of  law  was  adorned  by  Ignatius 
Schwartz,  whose  "Institutions  of  Universal 
Law"  are  well  known ;  by  Joseph  Biner,  who 
has  left  us  a  learned  treatise  on  ecclesiastical 
jurisprudence;  by  Francis  Widmann;  by 
Antony  Schmidt ;  by  Antony  Zallinger,  pro- 
fessor of  canon  law  and  natural  philosophy  at 
the  University  of  Dillingen,  the  author  of  nu- 
merous works  on  both  sciences  ;*  and  especially 
by  Francis  Xavier  Zech,  who  succeeded  his 

*  Cardinal  Pacca  (Nunc.  de  Col.  t.  ii,  p.  189)  relates 
that  in  1786,  when  passing  through  Augsburg,  he  visited 
the  residence  of  the  ex-Jesuits,  "  among  whom,"  says  he, 
"  I  found  several  eminent  men,  and  particularly  Zallinger 
the  canonist,  and  the  theologian  Veith." 

16* 


186      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

preceptor,  the  famous  Father  Pichler,  at  Ingol- 
stadt,  and  is  regarded,  says  the  "  Universal 
Biography,"  as  the  most  distinguished  German 
canonist  of  his  age. 

Among  the  controvertists,  apologists,  and 
writers  on  various  subjects,  may  be  named,  in 
Germany,  Benedict  Stattler,  Sailer,*  Manhart, 
Beusch,  and  Merz,  whose  works  are  yet  in  re- 
quest :  outside  of  Germany,  Para  du  Phanjas  ; 
Antony  Gu6nard,  the  laureate  of  the  French 
Academy,  whose  "Apology,"  committed  by  him- 
self to  the  flames  during  the  Reign  of  Terror,  is 
still  regretted ;  Francis  de  la  Marche ;  the  bro- 
thers Champion  de  Nilon,  and  Champion  de 
Pontalier ;  Francis  Nonnote,  the  refuter  of  Vol- 
taire; John  Baptist  Noghera,  whose  numer- 
ous Italian  productions  prove  him  a  profound 

*  Alzog,  in  his  "History  of  the  Church,"  t.  iii,  p.  352, 
speaks  of  Stattler  and  Sailer,  in  the  following  terms  :  "  The 
gifted  Stattler,  a  Jesuit  of  Ingolstadt,  treated  of  the  teach- 
ing of  dogmatic  theology  in  accordance  with  the  wants  of 
the  age  :  Sailer,  Bishop  of  Ratisbon,  himself  an  ex-Jesuit, 
as  remarkable  for  his  piety  as  for  his  talent,  had  been  Stat- 
tler's  professor  at  the  University  of  Ingolstadt,  and  showed 
his  appreciation  of  his  merit,  when  he  says  of  him  : '  At  that 
time  there  appeared  a  man  in  Germany,  who  taught  us  to 
think  for  ourselves,  and  rigorously  pursue  the  chain  of 
reasoning  from  the  most  elementary  propositions  in  philoso- 
phy, to  the  last  consequences  of  theology.'  " 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      187 

theologian,  an  able  philosopher,  and  an  emi- 
nent scholar ;  Louis  Mozzi,  whose  laurels  were 
won  in  theology,  in  controversy,  and  in  ascetic 
literature ;  Augustin  Barruel,  the  prophetic 
historian  of  Jacobinism,  and  the  ingenious 
author  of  the  "  Helviennes ;"  Joseph  de  Ghes- 
quiere,  one  of  the  Bollandists ;  De  Saive,  who 
devoted  his  life  to  the  triumph  of  faith  ;  and 
above  all  Xavier  de  Feller,  whose  expanded 
mind  embraced  every  species  of  knowledge,  an 
historian,  a  philosopher,  a  geographer,  a  con- 
trovertist ;  and  Zaccaria,  the  friend  of  Benedict 
XIV,  of  Clement  XIII,  and  even  of  Clement 
XIY,  the  adviser  of  Pius  VI,  the  brother 
in  arms  of  Feller  in  the  contest  with  Febro- 
nius,  whom  he  finally  converted,  a  laborious, 
and  fertile  writer,  whose  pen  was  ever  con- 
secrated to  the  defence  of  the  rights  of  the 
Holy  See  * 

It  was  still  the  voice  of  the  Jesuits  that 
resounded  with  most  effect  from  the  sacred 

*  Pacca  tells  us  (Nunc.  de  Cologne,  t.  ii,  p.  181),' that 
when  Pius  VI  announced  to  him  that  he  was  destined  for 
the  nunciature  at  Cologne,  his  Holiness  advised  him  to 
apply  himself  from  that  day  (22  June,  1785),  to  sacred 
studies  under  the  direction  of  Zaccaria,  that  library  of 
erudition. 


188      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  — SCHOOLS. 

pulpit :  in  France,  the  voice  of  such  as  Charles 
de  Neuville,  whose  career  was  so  glorious ;  of 
Claudius  de  Marolles,  Charles  Perrin,  Papil- 
lon  du  Rivet,  Roissard,  Henry  de  Buloude, 
Peter  Richard,  Xavier  Duplessis,  the  apostle 
of  the  towns  and  country,  for  whose  service 
all  the  bishops  eagerly  contended ;  of  Charles 
le  Chapelain,  in  whose  family  eloquence  was 
hereditary,  and  who  sometimes  brought  back 
recollections  of  Bourdaloue;  of  Nicholas 
Beauregard,  the  orator  of  the  people,  who, 
during  the  jubilee  of  17  75,  evoked,  in  a  moment 
of  prophetic  inspiration,  the  impure  and  bloody 
spectre  of  demagoguism,  and  who,  assisted  by 
his  brethren  of  the  former  society,  at  that 
time  filling  the  most  of  the  pulpits,  to  use  the 
expression  of  an  adept  of  atheism,  adjourned, 
if  not  for  twenty-five  years,  at  least  for  some 
time,  the  coming  Revolution ;  of  Reyre,  the 
court-preacher,  and  Lanfant,  who,  according  to 
Guillon,  recalled,  in  an  age  of  mediocrity,  the 
excellence  of  earlier  times.  In  the  rest  of 
Europe  were  heard  the  voices  of  Wiltz,  Neu- 
mayr,  Wurs,  Hausen,  the  apostle  of  Germany; 
of  Calatayud,  the  preacher  and  ascetical 
writer,  who  during  thirty  years  filled  Spain 
and  Portugal  with  the  fame  of  his  eloquence, 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION — SCHOOLS.      189 

and  of  the  prodigies  it  operated ;  of  the  vene- 
rable Onuphrio  Paradisi,*  Centini,  Nicholas 
Zucconi,  Vanini,  Saracinelli,  Vassalo,  the 
apostle  of  Sardinia;  of  Trento,  who,  during 
thirty  years,  evangelized  the  towns  and  coun- 
try ;  of  Pellegrini,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished orators  of  his  time ;  of  Venino,  sur- 
named  the  Massillon  of  Italy. 

In  fine,  a  pious  celebrity  is  attached  to  the 
names  of  Ligny,  Galliffet,  Panizzoni,  Daguet, 
Budardi,  Griflfet,  Baudrand,  Minetti,  Beauvais, 
Couturier,  Tartagni,  Gravina,  Fontaine,  John 
Grou  and  Strark,  who  enriched  with  their 
works  ascetic  literature,  the  chief  glory  of  the 

*  What  Xavier  Duplessis  then  was  for  France,  Hausen 
for  Germany,  Wiltz  for  Belgium,  Calatayud  for  Spain  and 
Portugal,  and  Trento  for  Upper  Italy,  Father  Onuphrio 
Paradisi  was  for  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  At  his  death, 
the  Bishop,  the  magistrates,  and  all  the  people,  united  in 
the  same  sentiments  of  veneration  and  regret. 

In  honor  of  the  pious  missionary,  a  medal  was  struck, 
which  bore  the  following  inscription :  Onuphrio  Paradisi, 
S.  J.,  having  spent  twenty-three  years  in  traversing  the 
country  of  Otranto  and  the  adjacent  provinces,  with  great 
fatigue,  with  prodigious  fruit  in  the  conversion  of  souls, 
with  the  reputation  of  a  wonder-worker ;  cherished  equally 
by  the  high  and  lowly ;  regretted  by  all,  but  especially  the 
poor,  to  whose  instruction  and  assistance  he  had  conse- 
crated his  life ;  died  holily  at  Lecce,  Apr.  14,  1761. 


190      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

Society  of  Jesus.  All  devout  souls  have  read 
and  admired  those  excellent  treatises,  by 
which  Baudrand  conducts  them  through  the 
various  phases  of  a  holy  life,  the  "Christian 
Year"  of  Griflet,  the  "  Marks  of  True  Piety" 
by  Grou,  as  all  ecclesiastics  make  constant 
use  of  the  Catechism  of  Couturier. 

3.  A  tendency  to  materialism,  impelled  the 
men  of  the  eighteenth  century  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  mathematics,  natural  philosophy,  and 
the  kindred  sciences,  not  unfrequently  to  the 
detriment  of  moral  and  literary  studies.  With 
such  a  movement  the  Jesuits  would  assuredly 
feel  no  instinct  of  sympathy.  But  theirs  it 
was  to  follow  the  age  amid  its  various  pur- 
suits, in  order  to  mingle  some  thought  of  the 
soul  and  heaven,  and  frequently  they  out- 
stripped it  in  its  chosen  career.  In  this  spe- 
cies of  knowledge,  the  Society  of  Jesus  had 
produced,  and,  at  the  time  of  its  suppres- 
sion, possessed  the  most  distinguished  men. 
Among  the  Jesuits  of  that  day,  there  was  car- 
ried on  an  uninterrupted  commerce  of  learn- 
ing. As  soon  as  a  member  of  the  order,  in 
any  part  of  Europe,  attained  reputation,  im- 
mediately his  brethren,  from  the  most  distant 
regions,  flocked  around  his  chair,  received  his 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.       191 

instructions,  and  then  returned  to  benefit 
their  own  country  by  their  acquirements. 
Steppling  had  introduced  at  Prague  the 
study  of  the  higher  branches  of  mathematics. 
Among  his  disciples  was  John  Tessaneck,  in. 
the  opinion  of  Prochaska,  not  inferior  to  his 
master.*  By  his  side  sat  Gaspar  Sagner,  who 
was  afterwards  to  become  a  philosopher  of  dis- 
tinction, and  to  lecture  at  Prague  and  Madrid 
on  the  system  of  Newton.  In  the  skilful 
method  of  this  school  were  formed  the  Polish 
Jesuits,  Sickerzinski,  Bohomeletz,  and  Sche- 
browski,  who  then  diffused  their  learning 
through  the  academies  of  Poland.f  Father 
Joseph  Windlingen,  also  educated  in  Step- 
pling's  seminary,  kindled  the  light  of  science 
at  Madrid,  where  he  was  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics, Cosmographer  of  the  Indies,  and  Pre- 
ceptor of  the  young  Prince  of  the  Asturias, 
afterwards  Charles  IV.  At  the  same  time 
Poczobut  arrived  from  remote  regions  to  study 
at  Marseilles,  under  Father  Pezenas,  and  then 
returning  to  Poland,  became  the  ornament  of 
her  science.  At  Madrid  flourished  two  Jesuit 
professors  of  foreign  birth,  Panel,  the  learned 

*  De  saecul.  liberal,  artium  in  Boh.  p.  408. 
f  Ibid.  p.  404. 


192      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

Medallist,  of  French  origin,  and  Joseph  Rie- 
ger,  an  Austrian,  Cosmographer  of  the  King 
of  Spain,  and  Lecturer  on  Astronomy  and 
Architecture. 

By  this  intercommunication,  this  system  of 
exchange,  carried  on  between  the  various  pro- 
vinces of  the  Order,  it  came  to  pass  that  no 
one  province  was  deprived  of  the  means  of 
instruction,  and  that  all  the  chairs  were  occu- 
pied by  capable  teachers,  whose  chief  aim  was 
to  form  worthy  successors.  And  since  we 
have  lately  made  mention  of  Spain,  some  no- 
tice of  the  scientific  labors  of  the  Society  in 
that  country,  will  not  be  misplaced ;  and  on 
this  subject  we  may  quote  the  testimony  of 
Cox,  an  Anglican,  and  therefore  biassed  by  no 
partiality  to  the  Society  :*  "  Azcoytia  was 
the  seat  of  this  learned  assembly" — he  is 
speaking  of  a  Scientific  Academy — "  which, 
though  lately  instituted,  and  hidden  in  an 
obscure  corner  of  Biscay,  counted  its  parti- 
sans of  the  systems  of  Nollet  and  Franklin.f 

*  Spain  under  the  Bourbons,  t.  vi,  p.  101. 

•(•  At  the  same  time,  Zaccagnini,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  was 
sent  to  Paris,  to  study  under  the  great  masters,  and  par- 
ticularly under  Nollet.  Having  returned  to  his  country, 
he  taught  natural  philosophy  at  the  College  of  Nobles,  in 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      193 

While  the  monks,  who  taught  at  Salamanca, 
were  speculating  on  the  useless  questions  of 
an  incomprehensible  metaphysics,  the  Jesuits 
of  Azcoytia  and  Loyola  acted  more  judiciously 
in  seconding  the  views  of  the  academy,  in 
pursuing  a  road  entirely  opposite  to  that  of 
other  Spanish  monks,  in  diffusing  practical 
knowledge,  and  in  substituting  for  the  ab- 
stract reasonings  of  a  school  of  pretended 
Peripatetics,  sound  and  valuable  ideas  on  the 
subjects  of  natural  philosophy  and  natural  his- 
tory." 

We  quote  another  passage  from  the  same 
author :  "  The  Order  of  the  Jesuits,  at  the 
time  of  their  expulsion  from  Spain,  was  pos- 
sessed of  men  distinguished  in  every  science. 
The  names  of  Andres,  Arteaga,  Aymerich, 
Burriel,  Gerda,  Colomes,  Eximeno,  Isla,  Lam- 
pillas,  Lassala,  Masdeu,  Montengon,  Nuix,  and 
Serrano,  will  always  be  cherished  by  men  of 
letters."  Of  these  the  greater  part  will  de- 
serve to  appear  in  another  and  a  more  appro- 
priate place :  but  Cerda  and  Eximeno  vindi- 
cate their  title  to  rank  in  the  number  of 

Madrid,  and  was  the  preceptor  of  the  Prince  of  the  Astu- 
rias,  and  the  other  royal  children  (Caballero,  Supplem. 
Script.,  S.  J.) 

17 


194      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

mathematicians.  Cerda  was  the  author  of  a 
highly  esteemed  book  on  the  elements  of 
mathematics ;  and  Eximeno,  at  the  school  of 
Salamanca,  and  afterwards  at  that  of  Segovia, 
instructed  the  young  nobles  in  mathematics 
and  the  science  of  artillery,  on  which  subjects, 
as  well  as  on  music,  we  have  received  con- 
tributions from  his  prolific  pen. 

But  why  tarry  to  enumerate  all  the  orna- 
ments of  Spanish  science?  Who  does  not 
know  how  great  was  the  multitude  of  learned 
men,  expelled  from  Spain  in  1767,  by  the 
infatuated  Charles  III  and  his  advisers,  and 
thrown  on  the  coasts  of  Italy?  Some  of 
these  exiles,  Requeno,  Ortiz,  Clavigero,  and 
others,  whose  names  are  yet  in  reserve  to 
deck  our  pages,  the  Chevalier  d'Azara,  though 
he  largely  participated  in  the  criminality  of 
this  ill-advised  and  barbarous  measure,  forget- 
ting his  antipathy  for  the  Society  in  his  vene- 
ration for  learning,  received  and  entertained 
in  his  Roman  palace.  "During  the  sojourn 
of  the  Spanish  Jesuits  in  Italy," — our  quota- 
tion is  again  from  Coxe — "  many  of  them  con- 
tinued their  literary  and  scientific  labors. 
These  men,  always  eager  for  improvement, 
thronged  the  public  libraries :  their  sorrows 


\ 
SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      195 

needed  the  solace  of  literary  pursuits.  The 
academies,  the  theatres  even,*  resounded 
with  their  productions.  They  deposited  in 
the  literary  journals  the  rich  hoards  of  their 
industry ;  and  it  should  be  mentioned  to  their 
glory  that  the  frequent  object  of  their  exer- 
tions was  to  assert  the  honor  of  a  country, 
from  which  they  had  been  brutally  driven, 
against  the  aspersions  of  certain  Italian 
writers,  who  affected  to  undervalue  the  riches 
and  the  glory  of  her  literature." 

Thus  amply  is  attested  the  scientific  and 
literary  merit  of  the  Spanish  Jesuits  at  the 
time  of  their  expulsion.  But  it  does  not  seem 
to  have  been  sufficiently  remarked  tha.t  theirs 
is  the  honor  of  having  kindled,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  III,  the  last  ray  of  Spanish  greatness; 
and  that,  from  the  date  of  their  expulsion, 
science  and  literature  have  constantly  declined, 
until  they  have  at  length  reached  their  pre- 
sent state  of  degradation.  Of  the  country  of 
Ximenes  the  learned  world  no  longer  enter- 
tains a  thought;  and  if  perchance  some  elo- 
quent voice,  the  voice  of  a  Balmes  or  a  Donoso 
Cortes,  unexpectedly  strikes  the  ear  and 
arouses  the  attention  of  Europe,  it  is  imme- 

*  Colonies  wrote  tragedies  in  Italian. 


196      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

diately  hushed  in  death,  as  if  the  maledictions 
of  God  were  overhanging  that  unhappy  land. 

Nor  did  the  Society  of  Jesus,  in  other 
countries,  furnish  to  the  natural  sciences  any 
stinted  contribution. 

In  France,  she  gave  her  Laval,  her  Souciet, 
her  Gouye,  of  the  Scientific  Academy  of  Paris, 
her  Saint-Bonnet,  her  Bertrand  Castel,  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  London,  so  famed  for  the 
originality  of  his  mathematical  investigations, 
who  received  more  than  once  the  applause  of 
France  and  England ;  Alexander  Panel,  the 
medalist,  of  whose  erudition  Spain  reaped  the 
benefit,  Be*raud,  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Avignon,  the  author  of  valuable  dissertations 
on  natural  philosophy;  Rivoire,  member  of 
the  academy  of  Lyons,  professor  of  natural 
philosophy  and  natural  history,  sciences  which 
he  illustrated  by  numerous  works;  Yautrin, 
to  whom  the  same  sciences  owe  their  Memoirs; 
Paulian,  who  spent  his  whole  life  in  lecturing 
on  them,  and  displayed  the  fruit  of  his  toils 
in  his  dictionary,  which  passed  through  nine 
editions;  and  particularly  Esprit  Pe*zenas,  pro- 
fessor royal  at  Marseilles,  who,  deserting  his 
chair  in  1749,  devoted  himself  to  astronomical 
pursuits.  The  works  of  P£zenas  on  astronomy, 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      197 

natural  philosophy,  and  mathematics,  were 
numerous,  and  yet  amid  these  multiplied 
avocations,  he  did  not  neglect  the  offices  of 
the  sacred  ministry,  but  exhibited,  in  his  mis- 
sions, a  fervid  eloquence,  whose  copious  foun- 
tain geometry  had  failed  to  exhaust. 

Among  her  mathematicians,  Portugal  glories 
in  Cabral,  Oliveira,  Monteiro,  and  Yiega. 
Italy  gave  birth  or  an  asylum  to  Sanvitali, 
Cesaris,  Troili,  Reggio,  Asclepi,  Simonelli,  Gia- 
nella,  Ludena,  whose  dissertation  on  mechanics 
won  the  crown  at  the  Academy  of  Man- 
tua; Zabala,  who  studied  medicine  at  Rome 
in  order  to  succor  the  poor;  Panizzoni,  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Prato,  whence  the 
scholars  withdrew,  when  the  brief  of  suppres- 
sion drove  their  master  from  his  chair,  and 
where  they  again  assembled,  when  he  was  re- 
instated by  Leopold,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany. 
High  among  her  honored  children  Italy  ranks 
Leonard  Ximenes,  professor  of  geography  at 
Florence,  geographer  of  the  Emperor,  mathe- 
matician of  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  the 
oracle  of  the  academies  of  Sienna,  Bologna, 
and  St.  Petersburg,  whose  advice  was  soli- 
cited, when  there  was  question  of  constructing 
roads  and  aqueducts,  of  draining  the  Pontine 

17* 


198      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

Marshes,  of  the  embankments  of  rivers,  and 
who  justified  this  honorable  confidence  by  the 
learning  displayed  in  his  mathematical  and 
hydrographic  works ;  Belgrade,  mathematician 
of  the  Court  of  Parma,  member  of  all  the 
Italian  Academies,  correspondent  of  the  Scien- 
tific Academy  of  Paris,  the  author  of  a  great 
number  of  scientific  treatises;  Charles  Benve- 
nuti,  the  successor  of  Boscovich  in  the  profes- 
sorship of  mathematics  at  Rome,  whose 
writings  are  yet  in  esteem ;  Joseph  Rossignol, 
a  Frenchman,  successively  professor  at  Mar- 
seilles, at  Wilna,  at  Turin,  and  at  Milan, 
where  he  was  for  some  time  director  of  the 
observatory,  and  where  he  assisted  Boscovich  in 
preparing  his  publications,— a  prodigy  of  erudi- 
tion, as  is  attested  by  the  theses  de  omni  re 
scibili,  which,  in  his  youth,  he  defended  with 
great  applause  at  Warsaw,  and  by  the  one 
hundred  treatises  he  has  left  us;  Vincent 
Riccolati,  professor  of  mathematics  at  Bologna, 
the  author  of  several  works,  the  most  pro- 
found of  which  is  his  "  Treatise  on  the  Inte- 
gral Calculus,"  who  investigated  with  especial 
care  philosophical  questions  respecting  the 
courses  of  rivers,  and  whom  the  Republic  of 
Venice  rewarded  by  a  golden  medal,  struck  in 
his  honor. 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.       199 

But  a  still  higher  rank  is  conceded  to  Joseph 
Eckhel  and  Roger  Boscovich,  illustrious  names 
which,  twice  already,  we  have  been  called 
upon  to  pronounce.  Eckhel,  born  in  Austria, 
had  been  a  long  time  professor  of  literature  at 
Vienna,  when  the  magnificent  collection  of 
coins  in  the  college  cabinet,  and  the  instruc- 
tive conversation  and  example  of  Fathers 
Khell  and  Froelich,  otherwise  shaped  his 
future  career.  Already  meditating  the  great 
enterprise  of  exhausting  in  one  work,  the 
whole  subject  of  his  favorite  study,  he  obtained 
permission  from  his  superiors  to  visit  Italy  in 
order  to  examine  the  rich  cabinets,  in  which 
that  country  abounds.  Peter  Leopold  of 
Austria,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  took  advan- 
tage of  the  presence  of  his  distinguished  coun- 
tryman, and  intrusted  him  with  the  classifica- 
tion of  his  Medicean  Cabinet,  which  Eckhel 
arranged  according  to  his  own  newly  invented 
system.  Returning  to  Vienna,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Maria  Theresa,  director  of  the 
cabinet  of  medals,  and  professor  of  antiquities. 
At  length,  after  profound  research  and  repeated 
experiment,  he  gave  to  the  public  his  great 
work,  "De  Doctrina  Nummorum,"  which  con- 
stituted him  the  Linnaeus  of  his  chosen  science. 


200      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION — SCHOOLS. 

This  was  the  work  of  his  life ;  scarcely  had 
the  eighth  and  last  volume  appeared,  when 
he  expired,  at  Vienna,  May  16th,  1778,  as  if 
in  death  alone  his  humility  could  find  secure 
shelter  from  universal  praise. 

Chosen  professor  of  philosophy  and  mathe- 
matics at  the  Roman  College,  even  before  he 
had  terminated  his  own  course  of  studies, 
Boscovich  embraced  the  Newtonian  theory, 
with  some  modifications  to  obviate  objections 
urged  against  it,  and  published  a  treatise  on 
attraction,  considered  as  a  universal  law  of 
the  world,  under  the  title  of  "  Philosophise 
Naturalis  Theoria."  The  doctrine  advanced 
in  this  work,  was  assumed  by  many  learned 
men  of  various  countries  as  the  basis  of  their 
own  publications,  it  became  the  rule  of  New- 
ton's disciples  in  the  Society  of  Jesus,  and  was 
taught  by  Benvenuti  at  Rome,  by  Paul  Mako 
and  Charles  Scherffer  at  Vienna,  by  Leopold 
Biwald  at  Gratz,  and  by  John  Baptist  Horvath 
at  Tyrnau.  From  the  time  of  this  publica- 
tion, Boscovich  was  a  man  of  celebrity.  When 
the  University  of  Pavia  was  re-established, 
his  name  was  required  to  give  it  celebrity ;  to 
insure  the  stability  of  the  dome  of  St.  Peter's, 
his  opinion  was  demanded;  the  draining  of 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      201 

the  Pontine  Marshes  was  not  prosecuted 
without  the  assistance  of  his  learning.  The 
Society  Koyal  of  London,  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  deputed  him  to  observe  in  California, 
the  second  transit  of  Yenus.  After  the  sup- 
pression, Courts,  Universities,  and  Academies, 
vied  for  the  honor  of  his  presence.  How  soli- 
citous Louis  XYI  was  to  obtain  the  prize  in 
this  contest,  in  which  he  was  ultimately  suc- 
cessful, is  evinced  by  an  autograph  letter  of 
that  monarch,  in  which  he  invited  Father 
Boscovich  "to  retire  to  his  states,  that  he 
might  devote  himself  to  his  sublime  contem- 
plations, and  satisfy  his  ardor  for  the  advance- 
ment of  science."  He  was  appointed  chief 
optician  in  the  marine,  with  a  pension  of  eight 
thousand  livres.  But  D'Alembert  and  Con- 
dorcet,  incited  by  hatred  as  philosophers,  or 
jealousy  as  men  of  science,  compelled  him  to 
resign  his  post.*  Boscovich  then  removed  to 

*  To  show  the  vexations  Boscovich  endured  from  these 
men,  M.  Cretineau-Joly  (Hist.  Comp.  Jes.  t.  v,  p.  373), 
extracts  a  note,  written  by  Lalande,  from  Montucla's 
History  of  Mathematics  (t.  iv,  p.  288).  "Father  Bosco- 
vich, who,  in  1755,  had  made  some  ingenious  and  profound 
observations  concerning  this  species  of  equilibrium,  was 
assailed  by  D'Alembert  (Opusc.  1761,  t.  1,  p.  246),  who 
had  felt  no  affection  for  the  Jesuits,  since  they  criticized 


202      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

Milan,  where  he  was  appointed  director  of  the 
observatory,  was  charged  with  various  scientific 
labors,  and  was  treated  with  the  deference 
merited  by  his  extraordinary  acquirements. 
There  he  expired,  in  1785,  and  five  years 
after,  Lalande,  in  the  heat  of  the  revolution, 
ventured  to  write  his  eulogy  in  the  "Journal 
of  Men  of  Science"  (February,  1792) .  By  his 
numerous  poems,  and  especially  his  verses  De 
soils  ac  lunce  defectibus,  in  which  are  happily 
united  the  exactness  of  science  and  the  orna- 
ments of  imagination,  Boscovich  merited  a 
place  among  the  best  Latin  poets  of  modern 
times. 

Germany  counts  her  representatives  amidst 
this  noble  array.  Hers  were  Schcenwisner, 
Pilgram,  Sainovits,  Mako,  Horvath,  Luino, 
Triesnecker,  all  of  whom  labored  at  Vienna ; 
Weiss  at  Tyrnau ;  Mayr  and  Tirneberger  at 
Gratz ;  Christian  Mayer  at  Manheim ;  and 

the  Encyclopaedia  in  the  Journal  de  Trevoux,  and  who  per- 
secuted Boscovich  all  his  life.  But  Boscovich  gained  a 
complete  triumph  by  a  note,  inserted,  in  1770,  in  a  transla- 
tion of  his  work  on  the  measurement  of  the  earth  (Astr. 
Journey,  p.  449),  in  which  he  proved  D'Alembert  to  have 
been  entirely  in  the  wrong.  D'Alembert  has  done  more 
than  Boscovich  for  the  improvement  of  the  integral  calcu- 
lus, but  was  not  his  superior  in  talent/' 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION — SCHOOLS.      203 

Scherifer  at  Augsburg.  Hers,  too,  were  James 
Kylian,  "  whose  works,"  says  Feller,  "  show 
him  possessed  of  the  combined  talents  of  Kir- 
cher,  Schott,  Bonanni,  and  Boscovich ;"  Francis 
Keri,  the  philosopher,  mathematician,  and  as- 
tronomer, who  greatly  contributed  to  the  per- 
fection of  the  telescope,  who  gained  reputation 
by  his  astronomical  observations,  and  by  his 
talents  and  zeal  in  the  cause  of  science,  won 
the  applause  of  Cassini  de  Thury;*  Antony 
Lecchi,  born  at  Milan,  at  first  professor  of 
literature  and  mathematics  in  his  own  country, 
then  chosen  by  Maria  Theresa  as  court  mathe- 
matician, a  title  which  was  also  conferred  on 
him  by  Clement  XIII,  when  he  was  charged 
with  the  inspection  of  the  rivers  in  the  lega- 
tions of  Bologna,  Ferrara,  and  Ravenna,  the 
author  of  numerous  books  on  mathematics 
and  hydrostatics ;  Erasmus  Froelich,  who  com- 
posed a  number  of  treatises,  sixteen  of  which 
are  on  the  subject  of  medals,  and  are  of  pecu- 

*  Cassini,  who  had  seen  Keri  at  Tyrnau,  wrote  to  him, 
15th  July,  1761,  in  this  enthusiastic  manner :  "Your  literary 
treasures  are  immense,  and  in  science  you  have  shown  your- 
self a  Maecenas.  You  have  laid  the  foundation  of  an  en- 
during monument ;  may  you  complete  it  for  the  good  of 
society,  the  welfare  of  religion,  and  the  advancement  of 
learning/' 


204      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

liar  merit;  Martin  Poczobut,  a  Lithuanian, 
the  scholar  of  Pezenas,  a  correspondent  of  all 
the  mathematicians  of  his  time,  astronomer 
of  the  King  of  Poland,  professor  of  astronomy 
at  Wilna,  where,  with  the  assistance  of  Strecki, 
he  rendered  the  observatory  the  best  and  most 
celebrated  in  Europe ;  he  also  calculated  with 
the  most  rigorous  exactness  the  eclipses  and 
phases  of  the  moon,  observed  at  Revel  the 
transit  of  Venus,  and  was  the  first  to  contest 
the  fabulous  antiquity  ascribed  to  the  Zodiac 
of  Dendera;  Francis  Wulfen,  the  learned 
naturalist,  who  had  explored  all  the  moun- 
tains and  valleys  of  the  Alps,  whose  reputation 
was  so  wide-spread,  that  the  Societies  of  Stock- 
holm, Berlin,  Erlangen,  Jena,  and  Ratisbon, 
vied  for  the  honor  conferred  by  his  presence ; 
and  finally,  Maximilian  Hell,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  of  the  Jesuit  astronomers.  Sum- 
moned to  Vienna,  in  1755,  he  filled  during 
thirty-six  years,  the  offices  of  court  astronomer, 
and  director  of  the  observatory,  and  published 
annual  observations,  beginning  from  the  year 
1757,  and  amounting  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
to  thirty-five  volumes.  Being  invited  in  1768 
by  Christian  VII,  King  of  Demark,  to  observe, 
at  Wardhuys,  in  Lapland,  the  transit  of  Venus, 


SCIENTIFIC    C.ONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      205 

during  his  journey  of  two  years,  he  collected, 
on  the  subjects  of  geography,  history,  lan- 
guage, arts,  religion,  natural  philosophy,  and 
natural  history,  sufficient  materials  to  fill  three 
folio  volumes.  But  the  astronomical  observa- 
tion, the  chief  motive  of  his  journey,  was  also 
the  chief  result.  The  important  event  of  its 
complete  success  was  announced  by  the  cannon 
of  the  Castle  of  Wardhuys.  "This,"  says 
Lalande,*  "  was  one  of  the  five  complete  ob- 
servations, made  at  great  distances  apart, 
which,  influencing  most  the  duration  of  the 
transit  of  Yenus,  gives  us  the  means  of  de- 
termining the  distance  of  the  sun  and  planets 
from  the  earth :  an  epoch  memorable  in  the 
annals  of  astronomy,  with  which  shall  ever  be 
connected  the  name  of  Father  Hell,  whose 
journey  was  as  useful,  as  curious,  and  as  ardu- 
ous as  any  undertaken  on  that  occasion. "f 

*  Bibliogr.  Astr.  1792,  p.  722. 

•)•  In  the  Astronomical  Bibliography,  p.  498,  occurs  the 
following  memorandum  :  "Year  1767.  Vienna,  Hell,  S.  J., 
Ephemerides  anni  1768 — where  are  collected  many  ob- 
servations made  by  Wargentin  (a  Swede),  Pingre  (the  abbe, 
a  Frenchman),  Messier  (also  a  Frenchman),  Hell  (the  au- 
thor of  the  Ephemerides,  a  Jesuit),  Gavronski  (a  Pole, 
probably  a  Catholic,  and  perhaps  a  Jesuit),  Tonhauser  (a 
Jesuit),  Bugge  (a  Dane),  the  two  Mayers  (Andrew,  a  Pro- 

18 


206      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

In  the  preceding  pages  we  have  seen  that 
the  Jesuits  did  not  content  themselves  with 
the  mere  theories  of  science,  but  that  they 
directed  their  speculations  to  some  practical 
result  of  general  utility.  Father  Walcher,  we 
are  informed  by  M.  Cretineau-Joly,*  was  de- 
spatched by  the  Court  of  Vienna  to  examine 
Lake  Rofner-Lise :  by  repairing  the  dikes,  he 
preserved  the  adjacent  country  from  the  disas- 
ters of  a  flood.  As  a  reward  for  his  services, 
Maria  Theresa  appointed  him  director  of  navi- 
gation and  the  department  of  mathematics. 
Father  Cabral  found  an  ingenious  expedient 
to  arrest  the  falling  of  Velino,  which  had  al- 

testant;  Christian,  a.  Jesuit),  de  Rohl,  Scheibel  (of  Bres- 
lau),  Filxmilner  (a  Benedictine),  Wolff,  Barlet  (a  Jesuit), 
Lagrange  (a  Jesuit),  Weiss  (a  Jesuit),  Sainovits  (a  Jesuit), 
Tiernberger  (a  Jesuit),  Poczobut  (a  Jesuit),  Hoffman  (a 
Protestant)."  "This  catalogue  shows,"  concludes  the  as- 
tronomer, "  how  widely  Father  Hell  had  extended  his  cor- 
respondence, and  with  what  zeal  astronomy  was  even  then 
cultivated  in  Germany."  Among  the  nineteen  correspond- 
ents of  Hell,  named  in  this  document,  one  was  a  Benedic- 
tine, eight  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  two  French  Catholics, 
Gavronski  and  Schiebel,  we  presume  were  Catholics,  and 
six  were  Protestants ;  from  which  may  be  concluded  how 
rash  is  the  assertion  that  in  science  the  Catholics  were  in- 
ferior to  their  Protestant  rivals. 
*  Hist.  Comp.  Jes.  t.  v,  p.  367,  368. 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      207 

ready  proved  so  destructive  to  the  town  of 
Terni ;  and  when  after  an  absence  of  eighteen 
years,  he  was  permitted  to  return  to  his  native 
land,  he  confined  the  Tagus  to  its  bed,  saved 
the  surrounding  lands  from  devastation,  and 
thus  gloriously  avenged  the  injuries  of  banish- 
ment. John  Antony  Lecchi  repaired  the 
military  roads  of  Mantua ;  Vincent  Eiccati, 
by  regulating  the  course  of  the  Po,  the  Adige, 
and  the  Brenta,  protected  Venice  from  their 
desolating  waters  ;  a  like  service  was  perform- 
ed in  Tuscany,  and  at  Kome,  by  Leonard 
Ximenes,  who  also  levelled  the  roads  and  con- 
structed a  new  system  of  bridges.  By  order 
of  Frederick  II  of  Prussia,  Father  Zeplichal, 
in  1774,  made  a  mineral ogical  survey  of  the 
district  of  Glatz. 

It  must  have  been  remarked,  that  of  all 
sciences,  astronomy  was  to  the  Jesuits  an  ob- 
ject of  predilection,  and  the  reason  of  the  pre- 
ference is  obvious.  Obliged  to  follow  the  age 
through  the  fields  of  science,  they  wished  to 
sow  there  some  religious  thought,  and  to  reap 
in  them  some  aliment  of  their  own  devotion. 
But  astronomy  above  her  sister  sciences,  whilst 
demanding  the  help  of  the  sublimest  mathe- 
matics, afforded  them  an  occasion  to  introduce 


208      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

some  religious  element  amid  materialism  and 
atheism,  whilst  their  own  piety  might  refresh 
itself  in  deciphering  in  the  heavens  that  hymn 
to  His  praise,  inscribed  by  the  finger  of  the 
Creator.  Thus  it  happened  that  astronomy, 
that  admirable  commentary  on  Cceli  enarrant 
gloriam  Dei,  was  cherished  by  them  with  pe- 
culiar love.  "  In  Germany  and  the  neighbor- 
ing countries,"  says  Montucla,  "there  were 
few  Jesuit  colleges  without  an  observatory. 
They  were  to  be  found  at  Ingolstadt,  Gratz, 
Breslau,  Olmutz,  Prague,  Posen,  etc.  Most 
of  them  seem  to  have  shared  the  fate  of  the 
Society,  though  there  are  a  few,  as  that  of 
Prague,  which  survive  the  general  destruction. 
The  observatory  of  Prague,  built  in  1749,  was 
for  a  long  time  under  the  care  of  Father  Step- 
pling,*  to  whom  the  University  principally 
owes  the  introduction  of  the  exact  sciences  in 
her  course  of  studies."  In  their  magnificent 
college  at  Lyons,  the  Jesuits  possessed  an  ob- 
servatory most  eligibly  situated,  which  had 
been  erected  by  Father  de  Saint-Bonnet.  To 
him  succeeded  Father  Rabuel,  the  erudite 

*  Prochaska,  by  no  means  partial  to  the  Jesuits,  calls 
Steppling  one  of  the  most  brilliant  luminaries  of  Bohemia. 
(De  saecul.  liber,  artium  in  Boh.,  p.  402.) 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      209 

commentator  on  the  geometry  of  Descartes, 
Duclos,  and  finally.  Father  Beraud,  an  inge- 
nious philosopher,  an  excellent  geometrician, 
a  zealous  and  laborious  observer.  It  affords 
me  sincere  pleasure,"  continues  Montucla,  "  to 
cast  some  flowers  of  remembrance  on  the 
tomb  of  this  worthy  and  learned  Jesuit.  He 
it  was  who  initiated  me  in  the  science ;  and  the 
same  service  was  performed  by  him  for  citi- 
zens Bossut  and  Lalande."*  To  the  Jesuits  we 
owe  the  multiplication  of  observatories  in  va- 
rious parts  of  Europe.  Hitherto  they  were 
scarcely  to  be  found  even  in  the  capitals ;  but 
the  Jesuits  spared  neither  pains  nor  expense 
to  erect  in  every  considerable  college  a  build- 
ing consecrated  to  astronomy.  Thus  Father 
Huberti  superintended  the  building  of  an  ob- 
servatory at  Wurtzburg,  Father  Hell  at  Vienna. 
At  Manhemi  a  third  was  founded  by  Charles 
Theodore,  Elector  of  Bavaria,  at  the  instance 
of  Mayer  and  Metzger,  and  under  their  direc- 
tion. Like  establishments  were  erected  at 
Tyrnau  by  Keri,  at  Prague  by  Steppling,  as 

*  During  the  French  revolution  Montucla  was  engaged 
in  preparing  the  second  edition  of  his  History  of  Mathe- 
matics. The  last  two  volumes,  from  one  of  which  we  have 
made  the  above  extract,  were  published  by  Lalande. 

18* 


210      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

Montucla  has  just  informed  us,  at  Gratz  by 
the  Jesuits  of  the  college,  at  Wilna  by  Leb- 
rowski  and  Poczobut,  at  Milan  by  Pallavicini, 
after  the  designs  of  Boscovich  and  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  Society,  at  Florence  by  Xime'n&s, 
at  Parma  by  Belgrade,  at  Venice  by  Panigai, 
at  Brescia  by  Cavalli,  at  Rome  by  Asclepi,  at 
Lisbon  by  Carboni  and  Copasse,  at  Marseilles 
by  Laval  and  Pezenas,  and  by  Bonfa  at 
Avignon. 

4.  However  splendid  the  scientific  condition 
of  the  Jesuits,  at  the  time  of  which  we  speak, 
their  literary  glory  was  not  inferior.  In  Por- 
tugal they  numbered  among  them  such  men 
as  Azevedo,  Rodriguez  de  Mello,  and  Francis 
Furtado;  in  Germany,  Michael  Denis,  of  whom 
we  have  already  spoken  sufficiently,  Frederick 
de  Reiflenberg,  Ignatius  Wurs,  and  John 
Starck.  Of  these,  De  Reiflenberg,  having 
completed  his  own  course  of  studies  at  Rome, 
was,  upon  his  return  to  his  native  country, 
chosen  to  instruct  his  younger  brethren  in  the 
ancient  languages,  and  particularly  in  that 
classical  latinity,  of  which  he  himself  was 
their  best  example.  His  own  Latin  poems, 
his  "  Latin  and  Greek  Precepts  and  Examples," 
collected  from  the  best  authors,  all  displaying, 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.       211 

in  composition  or  in  selection,  talent,  taste,  and 
method,  show  how  well  he  acquitted  himself 
of  the  duties  belonging  to  his  office.  Ignatius 
Wurs,  after  having  prescribed  admirable  rules 
in  his  "Treatise  on  Sacred  Eloquence,"  re- 
duced them  to  practice  in  the  forcible,  glow- 
ing style,  and  in  the  pure  anf  elegant  diction 
of  his  sermons  and  panegyrics,  and  in  his 
translations  from  the  French  of  Bossuet,  and 
other  eminent  writers.  Starck,  also,  by  his 
translations  enriched  the  literature  of  his 
country. 

But  if,  in  the  sacred  and  profane  sciences, 
the  German  Jesuits  have  perhaps  surpassed 
their  brethren,  the  pre-eminence  in  literature 
must  be  conceded  to  the  Spanish,  French,  and 
Italian  members  of  the  order. 

Among  the  Spanish  Jesuits  are  to  be  seen, 
besides  Aimerich,  Lassala,  and  Ortiz,  Vincent 
Requeno,  a  medalist,  an  antiquary,  a  man 
versed  in  literature,  a  writer  on  coins,  paint- 
ing, and  music;  Andrew  Burriel,  an  antiqua- 
rian, but  most  famous  for  his  "Treatise  on 
Weights  and  Measures ;"  John  Colomes,  who 
in  three  Italian  Tragedies,  sang  of  Coriolanus, 
Scipio,  and  Inez  de  Castro ;  Stephen  Arteaga, 
author  of  an  essay  on  "  The  Beautiful,"  and  a 
sketch  of  the  "Revolutions  of  the  Musical 


212      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

Theatre  in  Italy;"  Francis  de  Isla,  whose 
satirical  and  ingenious  fiction,  "The  Life  of 
Friar  Gerund  of  Campazas,"  purified  sacred 
eloquence  from  a  vicious  style,  which,  though 
banished  from  every  other  department  of 
literature,  yet  lingered  in  pulpit  oratory ; 
Xavier  Lampilfas  and  Thomas  Serrano,  whose 
patriotism,  triumphing  over  their  partiality 
for  their  brethren,  incited  them  to  defend  the 
literature  of  their  country  against  the  attacks 
of  Bettinelli  and  Tiraboschi ;  John  Andres,  in 
fine,  honored  with  the  favor  of  sovereigns, 
and  the  friendship  of  the  great,  who,  amid 
numerous  writings  on  philosophical,  scien- 
tific, and  literary  subjects,  presents  to  our  ad- 
miration his  great  work  on  "  The  Origin  and 
Progress  of  all  Literatures." 

In  Italy,  Antony  Zannoni  and  Julius  Caesar 
Cordara  were  cultivators  of  Latin  verse,  in 
which  the  former  celebrated  the  salt-pits  of 
Cervia;  Ignatius  Rossi,  for  thirty  years  pro- 
fessor in  the  .Gregorian  University  at  Rome, 
gained  reputation  by  various  literary  labors, 
particularly  those  on  the  Coptic  tongue; 
Andrew  Rubbi  was  no  less  distinguished  as 
a  professor  of  literature  than  as  a  writer; 
Stephen  Raflfei,  for  twenty  years  professor  of 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      213 

rhetoric  in  the  Koman  College,  wrote  two 
tragedies,  besides  essays  and  poems;  Louis 
Pellegrini,  whose  fame  as  an  orator  we  have 
already  commemorated,  by  his  exquisite  Latin 
and  Italian  poetry,  merited  to  be  enrolled  in 
all  the  literary  societies  of  his  country;  John 
Granelli,  eminent  as  a  preacher  and  a  poet, 
still  more  renowned  as  an  exegetist  and  theolo- 
gian,was  honored  by  the  translation  of  his  poems 
and  tragedies  into  several  languages ;  Charles 
Santi,  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  Latin 
and  Italian  classical  poets,  composed,  among 
other  poems,  an  epic  on  Constantine,  in  imita- 
tion of  Tasso;  Xavier  Bettinelli  addressed  to 
Yoltaire  his  famous  "  Letters  of  Virgil,"  which 
contributed  to  his  fame,  even  more  than  his 
poetry,  his  tragedies,  and  his  other  works; 
Antony  Benedetti,  professor  of  rhetoric  in  the 
Koman  College,  deserved  commendation  for 
his  literature  and  his  knowledge  of  coins; 
Antony  'Ambroggi,  during  a  professorship  of 
thirty  years,  saw  the  Italian  youth  flock 
together  at  Rome,  around  his  chair  of  elo- 
quence and  poetry;  Raymund  Cunich,  also 
professor  of  literature  at  the  Roman  College, 
cultivated  oratory  and  wrote  Latin  verse,  into 
which  he  translated  the  Greek  Anthology  and 


214      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

the  Iliad;  Alexander  Giorgi,  by  his  treatise 
on  the  manner  of  instructing  the  young  in 
the  Italian  and  Latin  languages,  evinced  his 
own  skill  as  professor;  he  had  also  prepared 
the  plan  of  an  Italian  Encyclopaedia,  which 
premature  death  prevented  him  from  complet- 
ing; Louis  Lanzi,  among  the  most  illustrious 
of  the  Italian  philologists  and  archaeologists, 
composed  twenty-eight  works,  and  among  them 
a  "  History  of  Painting  in  the  Peninsula,"  a 
standard  work  in  its  class;  Antony  Volpi, 
gifted  with  an  extraordinary  talent  for  Latin 
poetry,  was  for  twenty-six  years  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  the  University  of  Padua,  and,  in 
conjunction  with  his  brother  Cajetan,  founded 
the  great  publishing  establishment  called 
" Libreria-Cominiana,"  or  Volpi-Cominiunu, 
from  the  skilful  printer  with  whom  they  were 
associated;  Jerome  Lagomarsini,  one  of  the 
most  erudite  men  of  the  age,  aided  his  friend 
Facciolati  in  the  compilation  of  his  dictionary, 
and  composed  an  amazing  number  of  works  in 
pure  and  choice  Italian,  or  in  Ciceronian 
Latin,  the  fruit  of  assiduous  study  of  that 
great  orator,  whom  he  selected  as  the  subject 
of  an  immense  work,  by  which  he  gained  the 
admiration  of  the  learned,  and  merited  the 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      215 

homage  paid  by  them  at  his  death;  Joseph 
Mazzolari,  the  friend  of  Lagomarsini,  was  him- 
self conspicuous  as  a  humanist  and  Latin  poet; 
and  finally  Jerome  Tiraboschi,  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Milan,  and  prefect  of  the  library  at 
Modena,  immortalized  himself  by  his  great 
history  of  ancient  and  modern  Italian  litera- 
ture. 

In  the  same  department  France  boasts  a 
long  catalogue  of  venerated  names.  No  less 
than  eighteen  times  were  the  productions  of 
Theodore  Lombard  declared,  by  various  Acade- 
mies, worthy  of  the  prize  of  excellence.  John 
Grou,  already  enrolled  among  the  ascetic 
writers,  made  an  excellent  version  of  the 
"Republic,  the  Laws  and  the  Dialogues  of 
Plato."  At  the  College  of  Louis-le-Grand, 
John  Baptist  GeofFroy,  by  his  skill  in  teaching 
and  by  his  classical  Latin,  during  the  space  of 
twenty  years,  showed  himself  able  to  fill  a 
chair  which  had  been  graced  by  such  men  as 
Cossart,  Juvency,  and  Poree.  His  brother, 
Julian  GeofFroy,  after  the  suppression,  began 
his  critical  career  in  the  Annee  litteraire  of 
Freron,  where,  with  this  formidable  adversary 
of  infidelity,  himself  a  scholar  of  the  Jesuits, 
he  combatted  Voltaire  and  his  impious  asso- 


216      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  — SCHOOLS. 

elates;  and  afterwards  by  his  dramatical  works 
established  the  reputation  of  the  "Journal 
des  D£bats,"  in  which  they  were  published. 
Another  writer  for  the  Annee  litteraire  was  the 
Jesuit  Grosier,  who  somewhat  later  succeeded 
Fr£ron,  and  who  continued  the  Journal  de  Tre*- 
voux,  under  the  name  of  Journal  of  Lite- 
rature, Science,  and  Art.  Among  the  jour- 
nalists appears  also  the  name  of  Louis  Coster. 
William  Berthier,  ranked  among  the  ascetic 
writers  for  his  "  Psalms  and  Spiritual  Reflec- 
tions," among  historians  for  his  "History  of 
the  Gallican  Church,"  assumed  the  direction 
of  the  Journal  de  Tr6voux,  and  never  was  that 
periodical  more  replete  with  useful  and  in- 
teresting matter,  than  during  his  editorial 
term  of  seventeen  years.  A  "  Universal  Latin- 
French  Dictionary"  was  compiled  by  William 
Lebrun,  and  two  French  dictionaries,  one 
grammatical,  the  other  critical,  by  Francis 
F£raud.  For  editions  of  various  authors  we 
are  indebted  to  Ives  de  Querbeuf;  Laurent 
Paul,  more  commonly  known  as  Abbe*  Paul, 
deserves  notice  for  his  "  Latin  Course,"  and  for 
his  translations ;  Louis  Jacquet  wrote  elegant 
academic  discourses,  and  an  ingenious  "  Paral- 
lel" between  the  Greek  and  French  tragedy; 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      217 

whilst  Bardou  Duhamel  taught  the  "Method 
of  Reading  with  Utility."  Ives  Andre,  deeply 
versed  in  literature,  has  supplied  us  with  col- 
lections of  sermons,  with  poetry  and  a  philo- 
sophical "  Essay  on  the  Beautiful ;"  Rodolph  du 
Tertre  refuted  Malebranche's  Metaphysics.  To 
Bonaventure  Giraudeau  we  are  indebted  for  a 
"  Method  of  learning  Greek ;"  his  "  Parables"  en- 
tertained our  childhood, whilst  his  "  Meditations 
on  the  Gospel"  have  been  the  spiritual  nourish- 
ment of  our  mature  age ;  John  Baptist  Blan- 
chard  wrote  works  on  education,  and  among 
them  his  "  School  for  Manners;'*  James  Lenoir 
Duparc  and  Louis  Domairon,  professors,  the 
one  at  Louis-le-Grand,  the  other  at  the  Mili- 
tary School,  wrote  on  literature  and  geography, 
as  did  also  Bernard  Routh,  in  whose  arms 
Montesquieu  expired.  By  his  analysis  of  two 
of  Seneca's  treatises  and  the  Life  of  the  philoso- 
pher, which  he  prefixed,  Ansquier  du  Pon^ol 
gained  the  undesirable  approbation  of  Diderot, 
and  his  "  Code  of  Reason"  was  received  with 
equal  applause.  Gabriel  Brotier,  a  worthy 
successor  of  Sirmond  and  Petavius,  with  the 
single  exception  of  mathematics,  was  a  univer- 
sal scholar ;  his  capacious  mind  embraced  his- 
tory, antiquities,  medicine,  and  the  languages, 

19 


218      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

the  Latin  particularly,  as  is  shown  by  admi- 
rable editions  of  the  classics.  His  edition  of 
Tacitus,  whose  eloquence  is  rivalled  in  the 
Supplements  of  his  editor,  was  rewarded  with 
the  praise  of  learned  Europe.  Among  the 
Latin  poets  may  be  enumerated  Antony 
Panel,  Papillon  du  Rivet,  already  named 
among  the  orators,  Be*rault  Bercastel,  the 
author  of  the  "Promised  Land,"  and  Terrasse 
Desbillons,  the  author  of  the  Fables,  styled  by 
a  critic  "  the  last  of  the  Romans."*  In  fine, 

*  In  a  letter  addressed  to  his  brother  by  Father  Desbil- 
lons, and  written  April,  1773,  at  Manheim,  where  the 
Elector  Palatine  had  offered  him  a  generous  hospitality  upon 
his  expulsion  from  France,  occurs  the  following  passage. 
"I  live  in  a  very  retired  manner :  nevertheless  I  sometimes 
enjoy  the  conversation  of  our  Fathers,  but  in  Latin,  for 
Herman  I  neither  know  nor  care  to  know.  This  does  not 
displease  them,  for  they  are  not  so  ready  to  take  offence  as 
many  of  our  countrymen,  particularly  of  the  Parisians. 
Their  Latin  without  being  affectedly  nice,  is  good,  and  even 
better  than  what  is  usually  written  in  the  North.  It  is 
devoid  of  solecisms  and  barbarisms,  is  easy  and  natural,  so 
that  without  exaggeration  I  might  say  the  Latin  is  even 
yet,  among  them,  a  living  language.  It  must  not  be  sup- 
posed that  all  Germans  enjoy  the  same  facility;  our  Jesuits 
excel,  because  they  are  constantly  exercised  in  Latin,  even 
from  their  noviciate,  and  with  such  success  that  I  have 
scarcely  met  one,  who  did  not  express  himself  in  the  language 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      219 

William  Bertoud  recounted  the  "History  of 
the  French  Poets,"  and  the  antiquary  Legrand 
d' Aussy  published  his  "  Tales  of  the  Twelfth 
and  Thirteenth  Centuries." 

5.  Ample,  too,  is  the  catalogue  of  historians. 
The  same  Legrand  d' Aussy  was  the  author  of 
a  "  History  of  the  Domestic  Life  of  the  French," 
and  the  "Life  of  Apollonius  of  Tyana;" 
Berthier  continued  Father  Longueval's  "  Galli- 
can  Church ;"  Berault  Bercastel  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  the  Church ;  to  Francis  de  Ligny  we 
are  indebted  for  the  well-known  "Life  of 
Christ;"  to  Joachim  du  Tertre,  a  valuable 
abridgment  of  English  history,  and  a  "  History 
of  Celebrated  Conspiracies ;"  to  Peter  Guerin 
du  Kocher,  so  profound  in  his  knowledge  of 
oriental  languages,  and  the  historians  of  an- 
tiquity, the  famous  "True  History  of  Fabu- 
lous Times."  In  the  revolutionary  paroxysm 
of  September,  Du  Kocher  was  massacred  with 
his  brother,  a  Jesuit  also,  and  author  of  a 
poem  on  architecture.  The  series  of  histo- 
rians is  continued  by  the  names  of  Claude 
Millot,  who  had  once  been  a  Jesuit,  the  author 
of  the  "Elements  of  History,"  and  the  "His- 

of  the  Romans  with  as  much  fluency  as  in  his  native 
tongue."  (Autogr.  letters  in  the  possession  of  M.  Terrasse 
de  la  Brosse,  grand-nephew  of  Desbillons.) 


220      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

tory  of  the  Troubadours,"  productions  to  be 
commended  for  the  talent,  if  not  for  the  spirit 
displayed  in  them ;  of  Francis  Velly,  who  com- 
posed a  "  History  of  France ;"  of  Henry  Grif- 
fet,  the  editor,  and  continuator  of  Daniel,  the 
author  of  a  "  History  of  Louis  XIII,"  a  book 
which,  even  regarded  as  a  mere  collection  of 
materials,  merited  the  applause  of  the  learned, 
and  the  approbation  of  M.  Charles  Lenormant, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  scholars  of  our 
age.* 

The  Portuguese  Novae's  was  the  annalist  of 
the  Popes ;  the  historian  of  Mexico  was  Xavier 
Clavigero;  of  Poland,  Stanislaus  Naruszewicz, 
after  the  suppression,  Bishop  of  Smolensk, 
then  translated  to  Luck,  estimable  as  an  his- 
torian, still  more  admired  as  a  poet ;  of  Illyria, 
Daniel  Farlati,  whose  "  Illyriuin  Sacrum,"  was 
praised  even  by  the  Protestant  authors  of  the 
"  Acts  of  Leipsic."  Walstelain  described  the 
"  Three  Historic  Ages  of  Belgic  Gaul ;"  Mark 
Antony  Laugier,  besides  several  works  on  the 
fine  arts,  wrote  a  history  of  the  "  Venetian  Re- 
public," after  Daru's  the  most  complete  extant ; 
Isla  abridged  the  history  of  Spain,  and  Masdeu 
obtained  a  prominent  position  among  the  his- 
torians of  Spain,  and  the  prose  writers  of 
*  Religious  Assoo.  (Paris,  1845),  p.  43. 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      221 

Spain  and  Italy,  by  writing,  in  both  languages, 
"A  Critical  History  of  Spain,  and  of  its  Pro- 
gress in  Science,  Literature,  and  the  Arts."  In 
this  immense  work,  death  interrupted  him  in 
the  twentieth  of  the  fifty  quarto  volumes,  which 
his  plan  embraced. 

Here,  also,  the  German  Jesuits  are  distin- 
guished above  their  brethren  :  among  them 
flourished  every  exact  and  profound  science. 
They  had  the  honor  of  inaugurating  a  new 
historic  school,  in  which  they  have  found 
followers  among  so  many  writers  of  modern 
Germany.  To  be  convinced  of  this,  it  will 
suffice  to  name  Henry  Schiiz,  of  the  University 
of  Ingolstadt ;  Adrian  Daude,  of  Wurtzburg ; 
Francis  Kery,  whose  learning  is  already 
known  to  us,  the  author  of  the  history  of  the 
Eastern  Emperors,  from  Constantine  the  Great 
down  to  the  last  of  the  name,  and  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  Ottoman  Emperors,  the  latter  con- 
tinued by  Father  Nicholas  Schmidt ;  Ignatius 
Schwartz,  professor  at  Ingolstadt,  who,  in  his 
"Collegia  Historica,"  raised  a  monument  to 
his  genius  and  literary  taste ;  Mark  Hansitz, 
whose  "  Germania  Sacra"  is  a  fit  companion 
for  the  "Gallia  Christiana"  of  the  brothers  of 
Saint  Martha,  and  whose  "Analecta"  is  so 

19* 


222      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

valuable  for  the  history  of  Carinthia ;  Joseph 
Hartzheim,  the  Labbe  of  Germany,  who  suc- 
ceeded Schannat,  and  was  himself  followed  by 
Hermann  Scholl,  and  Giles  Neissen,  in  the  pub- 
lication of  the  "  Collection  of  German  Councils," 
besides  composing  works  of  his  own  on  subjects 
connected  with  history  and  antiquities. 

The  Hungarian  Jesuits,  in  particular,  filled 
with  a  tender  affection  for  their  native  land, 
jealously  collected  and  transmitted  to  pos- 
terity the  memorials  of  her  glory.  The  "  Vitse 
Palatinorum  sub  regibus  Hungarian,"  by  Nicho- 
las Muszka,  the  "  Sacra  Concilia  Hungarise," 
by  Charles  Peterffi,  the  "Hungaria  Diplo- 
matica,"  first  written  by  Stephen  Kaprinai,  and 
enlarged  by  Joseph  Pray,*  exhaust  the  politi- 
cal and  religious  history  of  the  country,  whilst 
Stephen  Katona,  in  his  critical  history  of  the 
Hungarian  kings  (forty-one  volumes  in  octavo, 
which  he  also  abridged),  traced  the  destinies 
of  the  national  monarchy. 

6.  To  this  comprehensive  enumeration  of 
men  versed  in  every  intellectual  pursuit,  we 

*  Pray  is  an  example,  unhappily  of  too  frequent  occur- 
rence, of  men  eminent  for  learning,  who  are  yet  almost  un- 
known in  France,  and  whose  names  are  not  to  be  found  in 
any  of  our  historical  dictionaries. 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      223 

have  still  to  add  names  of  persons  no  less 
meritorious,  who  were  at  that  time  engaged  in 
distant  missions.  France  had  sent  forth  to 
the  Celestial  Empire  men  worthy  to  succeed 
Parennin,  Verbiest,  and  Schall ;  she  had  sent 
Martial  Cibot,  to  whom  astronomy,  languages, 
history,  mechanics,  agriculture,  all  sciences 
were  familiar ;  Amiot,  not  inferior  to  Cibot, 
whom  he  assisted  in  collecting  the  most  of  the 
information  respecting  China,  we  now  possess; 
Joseph  Mailla,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for 
various  maps  of  China,  and  a  version  of  its 
annals,  who  was  so  expert  in  the  sciences,  the 
arts,  the  mythology,  and  the  language  of  the 
Chinese,  that  he  astounded  even  their  learned 
men  ;  Michael  Benoit,  an  astronomer,  a  mathe- 
matician, and  a  philosopher,  who  to  gain  the 
favor  of  the  Emperor,  unriddled  the  problems 
of  hydraulics,  and  undertook  the  profession  of 
engraver;  and  Antony  Gaubil,  a  'correspon- 
dent of  the  Scientific  Academy,  a  member  of 
that  of  St.  Petersburg,  the  astronomer  and 
interpreter  of  the  Court  of  Pekin,  and  so  pro- 
found in  Chinese  science,  literature,  and  his- 
tory, as  to  be  capable  of  teaching  the  professors 
themselves. 

Germany  contributed  to  the  Chinese  Mis- 


224      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

sion,  Slavislek,  Goggeils,  Sichelbart,  a  distin- 
guished painter ;  Godfrey  Leimbeckoven,  who 
became  Bishop  of  Nankin,  and  died  in  1787; 
Kcegler,  and  Hallerstein,  who  succeeded  Kceg- 
ler  as  president  of  the  tribunal  of  mathe- 
matics. 

At  the  same  period,  Portugal,  who  had  be- 
fore furnished  the  Pereiras,  Antony  and  Tho- 
mas, was  worthily  represented  by  John  Seixas, 
Ignatius  Francesco,  Felix  de  Rocha,  and  Jo- 
seph Espinha,  who  successively  followed  Hal- 
lerstein in  the  presidency  of  mathematics, 
and  Joseph  Bernardo,  who,  in  1779,  succeeded 
Father  Collas* 

7.  Viewing  only  the  multitude  of  its  mem- 
bers, who  consecrated  their  lives  to  the  study 
and  teaching  of  science  and  profane  literature, 
we  might  at  first  be  inclined  to  think  that  the 
Society  of  Jesus  was  simply  a  learned  associa- 
tion, or  at  least  that  it  had  then  become  ob- 
livious of  its  primary  end,  the  salvation  of 
souls,  and  the  religious  instruction  of  the  igno- 
rant and  poor.  But  whilst  the  venerable  men 
whose  names  we  have  just  transcribed,  amidst 
their  scientific  labors,  never  lost  the  remem- 

*  About  the  same  time,  Andrew  Rodriguez,  a  Spanish 
Jesuit,  was  also  president  of  the  same  tribunal. 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION — SCHOOLS.      225 

brance  of  their  missionary  duties,*  and  always 
regarded  science  as  only  a  means  of  gaining 
the  favor  of  the  Prince,  and  aspired  to  the 
favor  of  the  Prince,  only  to  secure  the 
liberty  and  triumph  of  the  gospel ;  so,  too,  in 

*  Nothing  can  be  more  touching  than  the  letters  ad- 
dressed to  his  brethren  by  the  celebrated  Father  Gaubil, 
himself  honored  as  learned  by  all  the  learned  men  of  Eu- 
rope. "  By  the  order  of  my  Superior,"  he  writes  to  Father 
Maignan,  at  Paris,  "  I  enclose  several  astronomical  observa- 
tions for  the  Academy,  and  for  other  learned  persons,  what- 
ever I  have  discovered  that  is  most  interesting  or  important 
in  Chinese  history,  or  in  the  traditional  astronomy  of  the 
nation;  but  for  these  occupations  I  confess  I  have  no 
relish,  and  only  perform  them  through  obedience."  Under 
the  date  of  November  26th  1728,  writing  from  Pekin  to 
Stephen  Souciet,  Gaubil  ingenuously  discloses  the  benefits 
he  nattered  himself  would  accrue  from  his  literary  toils  :-— 
"I  know  that  Your  Reverence  is  full  of  zeal,  and  objects 
on  which  to  exercise  it  are  never  wanting.  I  beseech  you 
to  take  into  consideration  the  good  that  may  be  done  with 
respect  to  the  poor  children,  that  are  exposed  here  and  at 
Canton.  I  shall  esteem  myself  fortunate,  if  what  I  send 
you  will  furnish  you  with  an  opportunity  to  introduce  this 
subject  to  the  notice  of  influential  personages."  Else- 
where he  says,  "  It  is  of  very  little  importance  whether  the 
gentlemen  of  the  Observatory  (at  Paris)  accredit  my  labors 
to  me,  or  not.  The  reputation  that  would  redound  to  me 
is  a  matter  not  worthy  of  concern,  and  of  all  the  missiona- 
ries I  least  deserve  honor."  (Autograph  letters  of  Father 
Gaubil — Manuscripts  of  Father  Brotier.) 


226      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

Europe,  the  sons  of  St.  Ignatius  sought  to 
render  their  mental  accomplishments  tributary 
to  the  spiritual  improvement  of  those,  whose 
esteem  and  confidence  they  had  attracted. 
In  the  same  catalogues  of  the  Society,  em- 
bracing, as  they  do,  so  many  renowned  pro- 
fessors, we  shall  find  the  names  of  many,  who 
were  applied  exclusively  to  the  apostolical 
functions.  For  example,  the  catalogue  of  the 
province  of  Vienna  contains,  besides  a  great 
number  of  Fathers  charged  with  the  duty  of 
preaching  the  gospel  in  the  colleges  and  cities, 
four  distinct  classes  of  missionaries ;  missiona- 
ries, whose  office  it  was  to  catechize ;  mis- 
sionaries of  stations  (probably  devoted  to  the 
instruction  of  a  single  town  or  district) ;  mis- 
sionaries of  penance,  founded  by  Father  Seg- 
neri,  for  the  conversion  of  sinners;  and, 
finally,  missionaries  of  camps,  attached  to 
armies  for  the  spiritual  care  of  the  soldiers. 
In  the  catalogue  of  Austria  for  1761,  nineteen 
belong  to  the  first  class.  At  their  head  ap- 
pears the  renowned  Father  Parhamer,  who, 
when  torn  from  his  poor,  and  appointed  con- 
fessor of  Francis  I,  consoled  the  irksomeness 
of  his  elevation  in  founding  various  useful 
establishments,  and  among  them  an  asylum 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      227 

for  orphans,  whose  fathers  had  died  in  the 
military  service  of  their  country.  In  the  same 
class,  we  find  John  Delpini,  afterwards  ap- 
pointed by  Maria  Theresa  to  the  abbacy  of 
Kolos-Monostros,  as  a  recompense  for  services 
rendered  to  religion  in  Transylvania;  and 
Stephen  Mihalcz,  whose  nobility  of  birth, 
whose  fine  talents,  and  profound  and  exten- 
sive learning  did  not  raise  him  above  the 
lowly  office  of  the  catechist  of  the  poor  and 
ignorant.  In  the  same  catalogue,  the  second 
class  of  missionaries  numbers  eight,  the  third 
twenty,  and  fourteen  were  attached  to  camps 
or  armies.  In  the  catalogue  for  *1 7  70,  the 
other  classes  remaining  nearly  the  same,  the 
missionaries  attached  to  stations  had  increased 
to  thirty-three.  This  was  the  period  (1770- 
1-2)  of  the  astonishing  conversions  in  Hun- 
gary and  Transylvania,  where  more  than  seven 
thousand  families  were  reclaimed  to  the  faith. 
In  all  the  catalogues  are  found  indications 
of  the  same  apostolic  activity :  that  of  the 
province  of  Upper  Germany,  for  1770,  shows, 
that  in  the  parishes  surrounding  the  various 
colleges,  many  priests,  scholastics,  and  profes- 
sors, in  addition  to  their  ordinary  duties,  as- 
sumed the  office  of  catechizing.  Of  these 
catechists,  sixteen  belong  to  the  College  of 


228      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

Ingolstadt,  six  to  the  College  of  Hall,  six  to 
Neuburg;  in  1773,  six  are  supplied  by  the 
College  of  Amberg,  in  the  province  of  Bavaria, 
nine  by  the  College  of  Munich,  and  by  the 
rest  in  the  same  proportion.  In  the  province 
of  the  Lower  Rhine,  ten  catechists  were  fur- 
nished by  the  College  of  Treves,  ten,  of  whom 
three  were  scholastics,  by  the  College  of  Pa- 
derborn,  eight  by  the  College  of  Osnabruck, 
twenty-one  by  the  College  of  Munster,  and 
the  same  number  by  that  of  Cologne. 

This  will  be  a  sufficient  evidence  of  the 
esteem  in  which  the  Society  of  Jesus,  espe- 
cially at  the  last  moments  of  her  existence, 
held  the  charge  of  imparting  religious  instruc- 
tion to  the  poor ;  and  we  have  already  proved 
that  so  far  from  having  degenerated  from  her 
high  standard  of  intellectual  superiority,  she 
had  never  been  so  brilliant  in  literature  and 
science ; — not,  indeed,  that  her  children  now 
surpassed  their  brethren  of  earlier  times,  but 
that  her  scholars  and  men  of  science  had 
never  been  so  numerous. 

8.  But  it  is  asserted  that  these  men  achieved 
their  intellectual  greatness  after  the  suppres- 
sion; which  is  no  doubt  attributable  to  the 
terrible  lesson  they  had  received,  and  to  the 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      229 

leisure  conceded  them  by  the  Courts  and  the 
Sovereign  Pontiff.  The  assertion  indicates 
great  ignorance  or  great  folly.  The  greater 
part,  on  the  contrary,  were  enfeebled  by  old 
age,  or  at  least  were  beyond  that  time  of  life 
when  education  is  possible,  or  mental  treasures 
may  be  stored  up.  Many,  as  Liesganig,  deeming, 
in  the  extremity  of  their  grief,  that  they  had  no 
longer  a  mother  to  honor,  or  a  country  to 
defend,  withdrew  from  the  fields  of  science, 
and  found  refuge  in  the  consolations  of  reli- 
gion. Some,  it  is  true,  took  advantage  of  the 
leisure,  which  the  cessation  of  their  sacred 
ministry  imposed  on  them,  to  give  themselves 
to  study  and  to  the  writing  of  books,  as  did 
the  famous  Eckhel,  but  even  he  had  studied 
the  science  of  coins  under  Joseph  Khell,  his 
master  and  colleague ;  as  did  Antony  Morcelli, 
who,  though  his  great  work  on  inscriptions 
was  not  written  until  after  1773,  had,  about  the 
year  1771,  instituted  in  the  apartments  of  the 
Kircher  Museum,  the  Academy  of  Archaeology, 
of  which  he  was  prefect,  and  had  there  read 
several  antiquarian  dissertations.  The  most 
eminent  among  the  theologians,  Zaccaria, 
Berthier,  Kilber,  and  the  authors  of  the  theo- 
logy of  Wurtzburg,  had  published  their  prin- 
20 


230      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

cipal  works  prior  to  1773.  Those  of  later 
date,  as  Barruel,  Stattler,  Sailer,  Para  du 
Phanjas,  whatever  may  be  their  merit,  are  of 
inferior  fame. 

We  are  then  justified  in  drawing  the  con- 
clusion, that  the  Society  of  Jesus,  at  the  time 
of  its  suppression,  was  in  point  of  learning 
not  inferior,  either  absolutely,  as  we  have  seen 
in  glancing  over  its  literary  history,  or  rela- 
tively, since  no  body  of  men,  of  the  clergy  or 
of  the  laity,  could,  at  that  epoch,  boast  of  so 
many  remarkable  men.  For  the  further  elu- 
cidation of  the  latter  part  of  our  conclusion, 
we  shall  add  some  particulars  on  the  Jesuit 
schools  and  education  at  that  date. 

SECOND  FABT. 

1.  Is  it  true  that  at  the  time  of  the  suppres- 
sion, the  Society  of  Jesus  could  no  longer  ex- 
hibit a  roll  of  distinguished  professors,  and' 
that  with  respect  to  teaching,  she  had  failed 
in  her  lofty  mission?  It  would  seem  that 
the  question  has  already  been  sufficiently 
answered.  How  many  celebrated  names  have 
caught  our  attention,  as  we  turned  over  the 
pages  of  her  literary  annals  !  And  yet  these 
men  had  stored  up  their  intellectual  treasures 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      231 

while  professors,  or  while  they  yet  filled  chairs 
which  their  previously  acquired  renown  illus- 
trated. Nevertheless,  where  proof  is  supera- 
bundant, let  us  suppose  not  sufficiently  proved 
what  we  have  proved,  and  let  us  make  this 
point  the  object  of  farther  investigation. 

But  let  us  preface  our  inquiry  by  determin- 
ing the  object  of  our  search.  We  are  to  look 
for  professors,  that  is,  for  men,  who  to  a  com- 
petency of  learning  unite  zeal,  aptitude,  and 
all  the  means  requisite  for  imparting  it. 
Learning,  aptitude,  zeal,  a  judicious  system,  a 
tact  for  exciting  emulation  :  these  are  the  quali- 
fications of  an  able  teacher.  His  science  need 
not  be  pre-eminent.  He  may  teach  rhetoric 
without  rivalling  Bossuet,  or  even  Bourdaloue; 
theology,  without  vying  with  St.  Thomas,  or 
even  Suarez,  or  Bellarmine;  poetry,  though 
inferior  to  Racine,  and  even  to  Yaniere,  and 
Desbillons.*  By  a  competency  of  learning  we 
mean  that  degree,  which  will  enable  the  pro- 
fessor to  educate  his  scholars,  as  good  Catholics 

*  When  some  one  mentioned  to  Father  Poree,  that  Vol- 
taire had  said  of  him  (his  teacher),  that  he  could  not  write 
good  French  poetry  :  "  At  least/'  happily  and  modestly  re- 
plied the  Jesuit  professor,  "  it  must  be  confessed  that  my 
scholars  can." 


232      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

and  useful  citizens,  according  to  their  rank  in 
society.  We  shall  see  if  the  Jesuits  were  des- 
titute of  the  qualifications  enumerated  ;  quali- 
fications that  had  always  been  an  heir-loom  in 
their  family,  and  the  hereditary  glory  of  their 
order. 

Zeal  proceeds  from  a  conscientious  feeling,  a 
sentiment  of  duty,  a  mission  august  in  its  dig- 
nity, and  important  in  its  consequences.  But 
it  is  clear  that  the  Jesuits,  yet  so  ardent,  ac- 
cording to  the  confession  of  their  adversaries, 
in  all  that  concerned  the  glory  of  God,  and  the 
salvation  of  souls,  so  tenacious  of  all  their  tra- 
ditions, could  not  have  allowed  to  become  ex- 
tinct in  their  hearts  that  fire,  which  their  holy 
founder  had  kindled,  and  their  ancestors  so 
diligently  nourished. 

By  aptitude,  we  here  understand  a  peculiar 
talent  for  imparting  knowledge ;  a  talent, 
which  is  the  gift  of  nature  and  experience. 
Having  at  his  disposal  many  thousand  subjects, 
the  Superior  selected  those  for  professorships, 
in  whom  he  discovered  that  faculty  of  sympa- 
thizing with  his  audience,  which  is  as  indispen- 
sable for  the  professor,  as  for  the  orator.  But 
the  inexperienced  professor  thus  selected,  was 
not  at  once  admitted  into  his  career,  and  then 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  — SCHOOLS.      233 

abandoned  to  his  own  guidance.  He  was  at 
first  applied  to  protracted  and  serious  study ; 
then,  when  he  entered  on  the  performance  of 
his  duties,  he  saw  around  him  those,  who  had 
grown  old  in  their  occupation,  who  by  their 
advice  shaped  his  course,  and  saved  him  from 
those  errors,  which,  inexperienced  and  un- 
aided, he  could  have  scarcely  avoided.  Expe- 
rience in  a  religious  body  is  not  only  indivi- 
dual, it  is  collective ;  it  results  from  tradition,  as 
well  as  from  personal  observation. 

A  good  method  is  that  course,  any  devia- 
tion from  which  would  be  retrograding  from 
the  object,  to  which  master  and  scholars  tend. 
It  is  a  code  of  laws  springing  from  the  teach- 
ings of  wisdom  and  experience.  This  code 
the  Jesuit  found  in  the  "Ratio  Studiorum," 
where  every  circumstance  was  pre-arranged, 
the  discipline  of  the  class,  the  relations  exist- 
ing between  teacher  and  scholar,  the  objects 
of  study,  the  manner  of  teaching,  the  means 
of  inspiring  emulation,  a  legislation  whose 
equilibrium  neither  prejudice,  nor  imagina- 
tion, nor  immoderate  zeal,  nor  an  arbitrary 
spirit  could  disturb. 

Finally,  emulation  is  as  influential  in  the 
school-room,  as  it  is  in  every  career  of  life. 

20* 


234      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

By  the  impartial  dispensation  of  rewards 
and  punishments,  by  a  thorough  insight  into 
the  characters  of  the  scholars,  by  affording 
each  the  general  means  of  advancement,  by 
the  division  of  the  class  into  two  parties, 
ranged  under  conflicting  standards,  by  the 
constant  habit  of  appealing  to  motives  founded 
on  reason,  or  personal  interests,  or  the  higher 
and  more  efficacious  incentives,  which  faith 
suggests ;  thus  the  Jesuits  fostered  in  the 
hearts  of  their  pupils  that  emulation  which 
resulted  in  the  most  brilliant  success. 

2.  Such  the  Jesuits  had  ever  been,  and  that 
such  they  were  still,  is  evinced,  not  simply  by 
the  testimony  of  their  friends  and  partisans,  but 
by  the  admissions  of  their  opponents,  and  their 
competitors.  In  his  "  History  of  the  College  of 
Louis-le-Grand,"*  M.  Emond,  a  member  of  the 
University,  reports  to  us  sentiments,  with  re- 
ference to  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits,  ex- 
pressed in  1765,  by  M.  Louvel,  principal  of 
Harcourt  College :  "  The  expulsion  of  the 
Jesuits,"  said  he,  "  will  be  for  the  University 
what  the  downfal  of  Carthage  was  for  the  Ro- 
man Republic.  The  emulation  that  animated 

*  Page  244. 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      235 

the  two  rival  bodies,  produced  great  mental 
activity,  and  thus  proved  advantageous  to  the 
cause  of  education.  Where  now  is  that  ardor 
which  once  inspired  scholars  as  well  as  mas- 
ters ?  May  it  not  be  said  that  the  departure 
of  the  Jesuits  has  extinguished  it  ?  Four 
years  have  elapsed  since  they  quitted  Paris, 
and  from  that  time  we  have  witnessed  no  sign 
of  zeal  for  study ;  and  among  the  professors, 
with  the  exception  of  Le  Beau,  who  belongs 
to  their  epoch,  we  possess  no  one  of  reputation. 
At  least,  you  will  tell  me,  you  are  freed  from 
ambitious  rivals,  the  objects  of  court  patron- 
age, and  the  favors  of  the  great.  What  profit, 
let  me  ask,  do  we  reap  from  the  change,  even 
in  this  respect  ?  The  College  of  the  Cholets, 
which  was  able  to  resist  the  extravagant  pre- 
tensions of  the  Jesuits,  has  been  sacrificed  to 
Louis-le-Grand.  *  But  why  speak  of  the  Cho- 
lets ?  The  twenty-five  Colleges  of  Paris  with 
all  their  property,  the  University  itself,  with 
its  Council,  its  archives,  and  library,  are  de- 
voted to  destruction  for  the  sake  of  the  ag- 
grandizement of  one  institution." 

The  Oratorians  united  in  the  avowal,  that 
the  decline  of  learning  in  France  was  a  con- 
sequence of  the  ruin  of  the  Society  of  Jesus. 


236      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  — SCHOOLS. 

"  The  suppression  of  the  Order,"*  says  M.  Col- 
lombet,  "  has  proved  no  less  filial  to  the  Ora- 
tory ;  this  is  the  remark  of  a  member  of  that  con- 
gregation .f  With  the  extinction  of  their  rivals, 
ceased  emulation,  an  efficient  cause  of  intellec- 
tual exertion.  Then,  in  the  space  of  six  years, 
from  1776  to  1782,  the  Oratorians  assumed  the 
direction  of  five  of  the  Colleges  left  vacant  by 
the  Jesuits;  the  consequence  was,  that  as  a 
greater  number  of  members  was  required  for 
the  direction  of  the  multiplied  Colleges,  their 
theological  studies  were  materially  weakened, 
they  could  not  devote  the  same  care  to  them 
as  formerly,  and  some  even  made  no  regular 
course  of  theology  whatsoever." 

These  consequences  were  not  unforeseen  by 
the  Bishops  of  France,  when,  attempting  to 
ward  off  the  blow,  with  which  the  parliaments, 
and  the  infidels  threatened  religion,  they  thus 
addressed  the  king  :J  "  We  are  of  the  opinion, 
Sire,  that  the  closing  of  their  schools  would 
be  an  event  fraught  with  serious  evil  to  our 


"  Hist.  Supp.  Jes.  t.  i,  p. 
f  Ami  de  la  Rel.  t.  xviii,  p.  95. 

|  Declaration  of  the  Bishops,  in  1761,  on  the  usefulness 
of  the  Jesuits. 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      287 

dioceses.  In  the  education  of  youth,  it  would 
be  difficult  to  replace  them  by  successors  who 
would  be  equally  useful,  particularly  in  the 
provincial  cities  where  there  are  no  Universi- 
ties." 

So,  too,  when  the  destruction  was  complete 
they  could  say  to  the  monarch  :*  "  The  dis- 
persion of  the  Jesuits  has  left  so  lamentable  a 
void  in  the  functions  of  the  sacred  ministry,  in 
which,  under  the  direction  and  approbation  of 
the  Bishops,  they  were  employed ;  in  the  edu- 
cation of  youth,  to  which  they  consecrated 
their  talents,  and  their  labors ;  as  well  as  in 
the  sublime  and  arduous  work  of  the  missions, 
the  principal  object  of  their  institute,  that  the 
clergy  will  never  cease  to  offer  up  prayers  for 
their  restoration." 

From  all  these  testimonies,  some  of  them 
derived  from  opposite  interests,  it  is  evident 
that  the  Jesuits  were  then  unrivalled  in  the 
offices  of  instructing,  and  that  since,  none  have 
been  found  capable  of  succeeding  them.  "  The 
Jesuits  have  been  expelled,"  complains  Abbe 
Emery  ;  "  their  system  of  teaching  has  been 
rejected.  But  what  substitutes  for  them  have 

*  Proces-verbaux  des  assemblies  generates,  etc.  t.  viii, 
p.  1406. 


238      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

we  discovered,  and  in  what  have  the  new 
theories  resulted  ?  Are  the  youth  better  in- 
structed or  their  morals  purer?  Their  pre- 
sumptuous ignorance  and  the  depravity  of 
their  morals  force  us  to  sigh  for  the  old  mas- 
ters, and  the  old  ways."* 

About  the  same  time  Abbe*  Maury  openly 
declared  in  the  Academy,  that,  "At  Paris, 
the  great  college  of  the  Jesuits  was  a  central 
point,  which  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
best  writers  and  the  most  learned  men.  It 
was  a  permanent  tribunal  of  literary  decisions, 
so  that  the  famous  Piron,  in  his  emphatic 
style,  was  accustomed  to  call  it  'the  Star 
Chamber  of  Literary  Keputations,'  always 
viewed  with  awe  by  men  of  letters,  as  they 
regarded  it  as  the  source  and  focus  of  public 
opinion  in  the  capital."f 

At  the  commencement  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, a  more  imposing  voice  was  heard,  ex- 
claiming, "  In  the  destruction  of  the  Jesuits, 
learned  Europe  has  suffered  an  irreparable 
loss.  Since  that  unhappy  event,  education 

*  Pensees  de  Leibnitz,  p.  429.     Edit,  of  1803. 
f  Eulogy  on  Abbe  Radonvilliers   (an  Ex-Jesuit),   pro- 
nounced May  6, 1807. 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      239 

has  never  been  in  a  state  of  prosperity.  To 
the  youth  these  religious  were  singularly 
agreeable.  Their  polished  manners  took  away 
from  their  teaching  that  tone  of  pedantry, 
which  is  so  disgusting  to  the  young.  As  the 
most  of  their  professors  were  men  of  reputation 
as  scholars,  the  pupils  were  apt  to  fancy,  that 
their  class  constituted  an  illustrious  academy. 
They  had  succeeded  in  establishing,  between 
students  of  different  fortunes,  a  certain  patron- 
age, which  was  highly  advantageous  to 
learning.  These  alliances,  formed  at  an  age 
when  the  heart  is  susceptible  of  generous 
emotions,  remained  constant  between  the 
prince  and  the  man  of  letters,  and  revived 
the  ancient  and  noble  friendship  of  Scipio  and 
Lselius."*  In  another  place,  Chateaubriand 
expresses  himself  to  the  same  effect :  "  The 
Jesuits  maintained  and  were  increasing  their 
reputation  to  the  last  moment  of  their  ex- 
istence. Their  destruction  has  inflicted  a 
deadly  wound  on  education  and  letters:  of 
this,  at  the  present  time,  there  is  no  diversity 
of  opinion."!  The  judgment  of  Chateaubriand 
is  thus  confirmed  by  M.  de  Bonald  :  "  These 

*  Spirit  of  Christianity.  •(•  Melanges. 


240      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

religious  united  talent  with  piety,  elegance  of 
manners  with  austerity  of  life,  the  divine 
science  with  human  learning."* 

France  was  not  the  only  country  that  testi- 
fied to  the  value  of  Jesuit  instruction.  When 
the  Society  was  now  suppressed,  a  Protestant, 
and  a  schismatical  court  carefully  preserved 
and  cherished  what  remained  of  their  body, 
rendered  homage  to  their  services,  and  acknow- 
ledged their  importance.  The  Russian  Court, 
replying,  in  1783,  to  a  note  of  Mgr.  Archetti, 
nuncio  to  Poland,  thus  expressed  its  senti- 
ments on  the  subject  of  the  Jesuits.  "  The 
Roman  Catholics  of  the  Russian  Empire, 
having  given  unequivocal  proofs  of  their  fide- 
lity, and  having  loyally  discharged  their  duties 
to  the  Empress,  have  thereby  acquired  a  right 
to  the  confirmation  of  their  former  privileges. 
Of  this  number  is  the  instruction  of  youth, 
which  has  been  heretofore  committed  to  the 
Jesuits.  The  zeal  animating  these  religious 
and  the  success  crowning  their  efforts  have 

*  The  learned  publicist  adds :  "  The  suppression  of  this 
body  was  a  part  of  that  immense  systematized  destruction, 
which  has  made  France  a  heap  of  ruins:  it  was  the  first  act 
in  a  tragedy  replete  with  so  many  shocking  catastrophes." 
(Primitive  Legislation,  t.  ii.) 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      241 

been  remarked  by  the  Imperial  Government, 
with  the  utmost  satisfaction.  Would  it  be 
just  to  deprive  the  inhabitants  of  White  Kussia 
of  this  precious  Institution?  And  yet  this 
would  be  the  consequence  of  impeding  the 
Jesuits  in  the  exercise  of  their  ministry,  and 
of  forbidding  them  to  expect  a  continued 
existence.  In  other  countries  where  the  Order 
has  been  suppressed,  no  substitutes  have  been 
found.  And  why  single  out  for  destruction, 
among  the  many  religious  orders,  that  which 
devotes  itself  to  the  education  of  youth,  and 
consequently  to  the  public  welfare  ?" 

From  every  part  of  Germany,  if  we  hearken, 
we  shall  hear  re-echoed  the  same  loud  tribute 
of  praise.  Even  Father  Theiner  joins  his 
voice  to  the  general  plaudits,  and  exhausts 
every  expression  of  admiration  and  gratitude, 
whenever  he  speaks  of  the  great  superiority  of 
the  Jesuit  Fathers,  and  of  their  indefatigable 
exertions  in  the  cause  of  clerical  education  in 
Hungary,  Bohemia,  and  Poland,  during  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries.* 

But  we  should  have  anticipated,  that  he 
would  have  bounded  the  expressions  of  his 
enthusiastic  approbation  by  the  limits  of  the 

*  Instit.  Eccl.  Educ.  particularly,  t.  i,  p.  280-1. 
21 


242      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

seventeenth  century,  and  that  to  accents  of 
laudation  would  have  succeeded  cries  of  sor- 
row, wrung  from  him  by  the  sight  of  so 
mournful  a  degeneracy.  But  no  :  it  was  only 
at  a  later  date  that  this  pretended  degeneracy 
was  manifested  to  him :  and  his  eulogies  ac- 
company the  teaching  of  the  Jesuits  through 
every  age,  and  attend  them  even  to  the  last 
moments  of  their  existence.  In  speaking  of  the 
suppression  in  France,  Spain,  and  Italy,  he 
does  not  hesitate  to  repeat :  "  the  wound  in- 
flicted on  education  was  incurable."*  And 
when  he  comes  to  treat  of  Germany,  patriotism 
adding  ardor  to  sentiments  inspired  by  justice, 
he  exclaims :  "  The  incredible  exertions  made 
by  the  Jesuits  to  improve  their  ecclesiastical 
seminaries,  and  the  magnificent  results  which 
have  attended  them,  fill  me  with  wonder  and 
admiration.  At  a  time  when  their  calum- 
niators are  undeterred  by  fear  of  punishment, 
it  is  the  duty  of  the  friends  of  truth  to  expose 
their  baseness,  and  brand  upon  their  foreheads 
the  mark  of  infamy,  with  which  they  would 
stigmatize  all  that  is  honorable."f 

And  farther  on,  after  having  recorded  the 

*  Tom.  iii,  p.  400.  f  Tom-  '>  P-  78. 


SCIENTIFIC     CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.       243 

prodigious  number  of  men,  eminent  in  Church 
or  State,  who  had  been  educated  at  the  Ger- 
manic College,  he  is  moved  to  indignation  that 
Germany  could  have  ungratefully  forgotten  an 
Institution,  to  which  she  owed  so  large  a  share 
of  her  glory.  "The  friend  of  truth  may 
reasonably  ask,  how  does  it  happen  that  this 
land  of  piety,  whose  character  has  always  been 
remarkable  for  justice  and  equity,  has  suffered 
herself  to  be  deceived  by  the  delusions  of  the 
age,  and  has  allowed  herself  to  view  with  a 
look,  I  do  not  say  of  contempt,  but  of  coldness 
and  disregard,  the  services  this  Institution  has 
rendered  her?"* 

In  describing  the  lamentable  state  of  the 
German  Seminaries  after  the  suppression, 
Father  Theiner  makes  honorable  exceptions 
of  those  yet  directed  by  members  of  the  Society 
of  Jesus.  "In  Prussia,  and  particularly  in 
Silesia,"  he  tells  us,  "  the  seminaries  for  the 
longest  time  retained  their  primitive  excel- 
lence. The  theological  education  remained 
under  the  control  of  the  Jesuits,  even  posterior 
to  the  suppression  of  their  Order.  The  Episco- 
pal Seminary  of  Breslau  was  closely  connected 
with  the  celebrated  University  of  the  Jesuits, 

*  Tom.  i,  p.  224. 


244      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

which  has  given  birth  to  so  many  men,  illus- 
trious in  every  department  of  knowledge.  Its 
course  was  still  attended  by  the  young  semi- 
narians. The  other  excellent  colleges  of  the 
Province,  those  of  Neustadt,  Neisse,  Schweid- 
nitz,  Jaur,  and  Liegnitz,  the  pride  and  orna- 
ment of  Silesia,  also  furnished  a  great  number 
of  students  for  the  theological  course,  who 
completed  their  studies  at  Breslau."* 

One  of  these  students  was  Father  Theiner 
himself,  who  feels  himself  under  the  obligation 
of  paying  elsewhere,  a  tribute  of  gratitude  to  the 
Jesuits,  as  represented  by  his  former  professor. 
"  I  owe,"  says  he,  "  the  education  of  my  youth 
to  this  Kcehler,  so  well  known  in  Silesia,  who 
has  the  glory  of  having  introduced  into  that 
province  the  solid  study  of  the  oriental  tongues. 
The  services  rendered  by  Kcehler  to  public  in- 
struction are  recognized  equally  by  Catholics 
and  Protestants.  From  the  knowledge  of  the 
Jesuits  which  I  afterwards  acquired,  I  can 
bear  witness  that  he  was  a  worthy  member  of 
his  illustrious  order.  I  have  often  heard  him 
express  with  the  most  amiable  simplicity  a 
pious  wish  to  expire  in  the  habit  of  the 
Society."! 

*  Tom.  ii,  p.  48.  f  Tom-  i;  Introd.  p.  51. 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      245 

There  is  a  work  in  which  the  praise  of 
Christianity  is  celebrated  from  the  mouth  of 
Rousseau,  who  is  condemned  to  become  the 
apologist  of  a  religion  he  spurned.  A  some- 
what similar  character  we  impose  upon  the 
reluctant  Father  Theiner,  in  transforming  him 
into  the  apologist  of  the  Society  of  Jesus. 

3.  It  is  objected  that  Frederick,  King  of  Prus- 
sia, who  had  entertained  a  high  opinion  of  the 
Jesuits,  on  the  occasion  of  his  visit  to  Silesia 
(where,  we  have  just  been  informed,  by  their 
labors,  education  had  retained  its  primitive  ex- 
cellence), was  not  a  little  astonished  at  finding 
in  the  Universities  and  Colleges  (which,  as  we 
have  just  seen,  were  the  pride  and  ornament  of 
the  province],  even  in  the  celebrated  University 
of  Breslau,  men  of  a  surprising  mediocrity, 
and  on  that  account  required,  that  capable 
professors  should  be  procured  from  the  French 
and  Italian  provinces. 

We  indeed  know  that  Frederick  II,  after 
the  suppression,  charged  the  Jesuits  of  Silesia 
to  invite  their  brethren  of  the  other  provinces 
to  participate  in  his  hospitality,  assigning  to 
each  a  pension  of  seven  hundred  florins ;  but 
in  that  royal  act,  we  discover  nothing  more 
than  a  deed  of  charity  towards  the  proscribed, 

21* 


246      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

or  an  act  of  policy,  inasmuch  as  they  would 
be  useful  to  his  subjects ;  but  nowhere  have 
we  found  that  this  invitation  addressed  to 
foreign  Jesuits  was  prompted  by  a  knowledge  of 
the  deficiencies  of  the  Silesian  Jesuits.  Without 
doubt  the  latter  were  possessed  of  less  literary 
taste  than  their  brethren  of  France  and  Italy, 
and  of  this  we  have  seen  some  testimony  in 
the  book  of  the  Franciscan  Prochaska,  where 
he  accuses  the  Jesuits  of  Bohemia  and  Mora- 
via (perhaps  the  same  fault  is  imputable  to 
those  of  Silesia),  of  inculcating  a  false  taste 
and  a  declamatory  style  of  composition ;  but 
we  have  certainly  proved  that  in  erudition 
they  were  not  inferior. 

But  as  for  this  diminution  in  Frederick's 
esteem  for  the  Jesuits,  the  assertion  is  not 
supported  by  the  slightest  proof.  On  the  con- 
trary, we  shall  quote  the  words  of  Frederick 
himself,  in  which  he  expresses  his  real  senti- 
ments. Being  determined  to  prefefve  them 
in  his  kingdom,  he  wrote  to  Abbe*  Columbini, 
his  agent  at  Rome,  an  autograph  letter,  dated 
from  Potsdam,  September  13th,  1773,  in  which 
he  informs  him  of  this  intention  in  the  follow- 
ing terms:  "I  am  determined  that  in  my 
kingdom  the  Jesuits  shall  continue  to  exist, 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      247 

and  maintain  their  ancient  form.  In  the 
treaty  of  Breslau  I  guaranteed  the  status  quo 
of  the  Catholic  religion  ;  nor  have  I  ever  seen 
better  priests,  in  any  point  of  view,  than  the 
Jesuits.  You  may  add,  that  since  I  belong  to 
an  heretical  sect,  His  Holiness  holds  no  power 
to  dispense  me  from  the  obligation  of  keeping 
my  word,  or  from  my  duty  as  a  king  and  an 
honest  man."  On  the  15th  of  May,  1774, 
writing  to  D'Alembert,  who  was  dissatisfied 
that  the  Jesuits  were  not  completely  extermi- 
nated, and  feared  that  other  kings,  moved  by 
the  example  of  Prussia,  might  demand  of 
Frederick  seed  to  cultivate  in  their  own  king- 
doms, he  replied  :  "  I  view  them  only  as  men 
of  letters,  whose  place  in  the  instruction  of 
youth  it  would  be  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to 
supply.  Of  the  Catholic  clergy  of  this  country, 
they  alone  apply  themselves  to  literature. 
This  renders  them  so  useful  and  necessary, 
that  you  need  not  fear  any  one  shall  obtain 
from  me  a  single  Jesuit."  The  contradiction 
between  the  Frederick  of  history  and  the 
Frederick  invented  by  the  enemies  of  the 
Jesuits,  can  only  be  paralleled  by  the  opposi- 
tion between  Father  Theiner,  the  author 


248      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

of  "Ecclesiastical  Institutions,"  and  Father 
Theiner,  who  wrote  the  "History  of  Clement 
XIV."  But  where  we  find  on  the  one  side 
assertion  without  proof,  and  on  the  other 
authentic  testimony,  the  choice  admits  of  no 
doubt  or  delay. 

It  is  still  objected,  that  in  order  to  remedy 
the  decline  of  learning  in  the  University  of 
Vienna,  until  then  directed  exclusively  by  the 
Jesuits,  Maria  Theresa  was  forced  to  deprive 
them  of  several  important  professorships,  and 
confide  them  to  secular  priests  and  religious  of 
various  orders. 

Note  meanwhile  another  contradiction.  The 
Jesuits,  we  were  informed,  after  having  en- 
grossed the  offices  of  education  throughout 
Germany,  had  not  formed  one  really  distin- 
guished man;  and  yet  see  how  suddenly 
spring  up  professors  of  the  sublimest  sciences, 
capable  not  only  of  succeeding  them,  but  of 
imparting  a  superior  education,  of  supplying 
their  deficiencies.  But  let  the  names  and  the 
works  of  the  new  professors  be  produced. 
Where  that  renown,  that  splendor,  which  was 
to  eclipse  the  glory  of  the  Jesuits  ?  We  turn  the 
leaves  of  our  historical  and  our  bibliographical 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      249 

dictionaries  in  vain  :  we  discover  no  mention 
of  either.  Reference  may  be  made  to  Michael 
Ignatius  Schmidt,  the  author  of  a  voluminous 
history  of  Germany,  written  in  the  national 
language.  But  Schmidt  had  been  a  pupil  of 
the  Jesuits  at  Wurtzburg ;  he  did  not  come  to 
Vienna  at  the  invitation  of  Joseph  II,  and 
only  arrived  at  the  time  of  the  suppression ; 
and  finally  his  arrival  coincides  with  the  be- 
ginning of  those  endeavors,  which  Joseph 
made,  to  effect  a  change  in  the  constitution  of 
the  Church,  a  coincidence  which  brings  into 
suspicion  the  power  with  which  he  was  in- 
vested, and  subjected  him  to  many  accusa- 
tions, especially  those  preferred  by  the  Bishop 
of  Wurtzburg,  of  connivance  in  the  measures  of 
the  schismatical  prince.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  we  saw  in  our  third  chapter,  that 
the  Jesuits  were  not  expelled  from  the  pro- 
fessorships, and  others  substituted,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  elevating  the  standard  of  learning,  but 
in  order  to  gain  a  favorable  opportunity  to 
introduce  Jansenism  and  infidelity. 

That  there  was  a  decline  of  learning  in  the 
schools  of  the  Jesuits  is  not  proved,  cannot  be 
proved  by  the  citation  of  a  single  authentic 
testimony.  If  the  change  then  effected  in 


250      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

public  instruction,  had  been  simply  to  modify 
and  enlarge  the  course  of  studies  pursued  in 
the  University,  to  draw  the  schools  of  the 
Empire  within  the  influence  of  that  literary 
movement,  which  had  passed  through  France, 
and  was  now  gaining  ground  in  the  Protestant 
States,  we  should  acknowledge  its  legitimacy, 
we  should  laud  it  as  honorable.  It  was  the 
aim  of  Cardinal  Migazzi,  it  was  what  the 
Jesuits,  first  in  the  Catholic  body,  were  en- 
deavoring to  effect.  It  was  the  object  of 
Michael  Denis  and  his  associates  of  the  Society, 
who  then  aided  in  the  development  of  the 
national  literature.  To  the  examples  and 
proofs  already  adduced  at  the  termination  of 
the  second  chapter,  we  might  in  addition  heap 
up  other  examples,  and  other  conclusive  facts. 
We  might  name  Francis  Schoenfeld,  who, 
besides  many  German  works,  wrote  poetry 
full  of  ardor  and  elevation.  To  some  we  might 
impart  the  information,  that,  as  early  as  the 
seventeenth  century,  there  lived  a  Jesuit, 
Father  Frederick  de  Spe*e,  who  was  the  first  to 
reveal  the  poetic  richness  of  the  German  idiom, 
and  to  evince  by  his  own  example  the  flexi- 
bility with  which  it  accommodates  itself  to  all 
the  necessities  of  lyric  rhythm.  This  collec- 


SCIENTIFIC     CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.       251 

tion  of  sacred  poetry,  entitled  "  Trutz-Nachti- 
gall,"  is  characterized  by  its  strength  and  in- 
spiration, and  Father  Spee  is  even  now  ranked 
as  the  first  of  the  religious  poets. 

If  the  development  of  the  national  litera- 
ture among  the  Catholics  was  here  retarded, 
the  causes  were  the  proscription  of  the  Jesuits, 
and  the  evil  influence  of  Stock  and  his  accom- 
plices. Under  the  pretext  of  reforming  in- 
struction, these  innovators  sought  to  substitute 
their  schismatical  doctrines.  Then  by  blend- 
ing what  was  good  and  necessary  with  what 
was  poisonous,  they  caused  pious  Catholics  to 
distrust  even  the  good  and  salutary. 

What  should  we  say,  for  example,  of  the  rule 
promulgated  by  Stock,  this  great  reformer  of 
education,  "that  no  one  should  be  ordained 
priest,  who  could  not  read  the  Holy  Scriptures 
in  the  original  Greek  and  Hebrew/'  How 
absurd, -how  utterly  impracticable  !  For  say- 
ing mass,  for  administering  the  sacraments, 
for  catechizing,  for  preaching,  the  sole  duties 
of  the  greater  part  of  priests,  what  indispensa- 
ble necessity  for  an  acquaintance  with  the 
Hebrew  language  ?  Are  all  aspirants  to  the 
sacred  ministry  capable  of  passing  through  so 
arduous  a  course  of  studies  ?  And  then,  if  it 


252      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

be  requisite  to  apply  themselves  to  the  acqui- 
sition of  these  difficult  languages,  what  time 
will  remain  to  acquire  knowledge  indispensa- 
ble to  the  sacred  ministry,  what  time  even  to 
exercise  it  ?  Jansenism,  under  various  forms, 
always  pursues  the  same  projects;  to  realize 
the  project  of  Bourg-Fontaine,  it  would  anni- 
hilate the  sacraments,  by  rendering  their  ad- 
ministration impossible. 

It  is  undoubtedly  desirable,  that  some  of  the 
Catholic  clergy  should  devote  themselves  to 
the  critical  study  of  Scripture;  but  this  portion 
must  necessarily  be  the  smaller.  So  thought 
the  Jesuits,  who  taught  all  that  was  necessary 
for  their  ministry,  and  particularly  the  prac- 
tices of  piety  and  zeal ;  the  few  privileged  by 
nature,  they  directed  to  the  acquisition  of 
sublimer  knowledge.  So  thought  St.  Ignatius, 
who  established  this  distinction  in  the  Society 
itself;  so  thought  St.  Charles  Borromeo,  who 
had  adopted  it  for  his  own  priests:  but  the 
zeal  and  the  wisdom  of  an  Ignatius  and  a 
Charles  Borromeo,  fell  short  of  the  far-reach- 
ing aim  of  the  Viennese  reformers. 

4.  Let  us  examine  the  question  proposed  still 
more  narrowly,  and  reply  still  more  directly. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century, 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION — SCHOOLS.      253 

the  statistics  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  showed 
the  existence  of  six  hundred  and  twelve  col- 
leges, one  hundred  and  fifty-seven  pension- 
nates,  or  normal  schools,  and  twenty-four 
Universities,  empowered  to  confer  degrees.  A 
half  century  later,  from  the  same  source,  we 
find  that  in  spite  of  the  antagonism  of  infi- 
delity, the  number  of  colleges  had  augmented 
to  six  hundred  and  sixty-nine ! 

These  Colleges  were  almost  universally  in 
a  state  of  prosperity,  and  their  professors  were 
men  of  more  or  less  distinction  in  the  learned 
world.  It  would  be  impossible  to  investigate 
the  condition  of  each  Institution ;  but  let  us 
choose,  for  an  indication  of  the  rest,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wurtzburg,  and  the  Theresan  Col- 
lege at  Vienna,  in  the  midst  of  that  Germany, 
where,  as  the  accusation  runs,  the  Society  of 
Jesus  had  been  most  oblivious  of  its  honorable 
traditions.  Of  the  former,  we  obtain  our  de- 
tails from  "  An  Essay  on  the  History"  of  this 
University,  by  Christian  Bcenike.  A  cursory 
glance  at  the  work  will  remove  all  suspicion 
of  any  bias  for  the  Jesuits.  On  the  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty-first  page,  we  find :  "  Father 
Francis  Huberti,  professor  of  the  higher 

branches  of  mathematics,  from  the  year  1754, 

22 


254      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

worthily  filled  the  chair  which  had  been 
adorned  by  Fathers  Athanasius  Kircher  and 
Caspar  Schott  in  the  preceding  century."  On 
page  two  hundred  and  seventy-three,  we  read : 
"  The  zeal  for  Biblical  and  Hebrew  studies,  so 
happily  diffused  through  our  University  by 
Fathers  Videnhofer  and  Nicholas  Zillich,  de- 
creased after  their  death.  ...  To  restore  these 
studies,  the  Prince  Bishop  Adam  Frederick 
successively  appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Holy 
Scripture  Fathers  Henry  Kilber  and  Thomas 
Holtzclau,  who  had  published  (in  1768)  their 
learned  works  on  theology  (the  celebrated 
theology  of  Wurtzburg) ."  Thus  sacred  and 
profane  science  were  then  flourishing  at  Wurtz- 
burg,  under  the  direction  of  the  Jesuits. 

Of  the  Theresan  College,  we  obtain  informa- 
tion from  a  published  letter  of  Rossignol  de 
Val-Louise,  dated  in  1767.  After  having  cele- 
brated the  Imperial  Gymnasium  as  one  of  the 
most  famous  schools  in  the  world,  he  thus 
continues :  "  In  this  institution  were  assem- 
bled the  flower  of  the  nobility  from  every 
part  of  the  Austrian  dominions :  there  were 
Germans,  Hungarians,  Italians,  and  Flemings. 
There  were  cultivated,  with  the  utmost  dili- 
gence and  corresponding  success,  science,  lite- 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SC'HOOLS.      265 

rature,  and  the  fine  arts.  Natural  History 
was  an  object  of  particular  inquiry.  Collec- 
tions were  formed  by  the  students,  and  the 
productions  of  nature  imitated.  Mathematics, 
natural  philosophy,  geography,  history,  music, 
dancing,  fencing,  in  fact,  everything  was  taught 
that  could  be  deemed  necessary  to  form  an 
accomplished  cavalier.*  Thirty  of  the  pupils 
devoted  themselves  to  the  study  of  jurispru- 
dence. These  being  of  a  more  advanced  age 
were  separated  from  the  others.  Infidel  phi- 
losophy would  scarcely  appreciate  the  motive 
of  this  discrimination.  It  was  not  then  cus- 
tomary to  frequent  the  sacraments  of  Confes- 
sion and  Communion  more  than  once  a  month. 
These  youths  confessed  and  communicated 
monthly,  and  were  thus  inured  to  such  prac- 
tices of  piety,  as  they  might  be  expected  to 
retain  in  after-life.  But  what  will  particularly 
interest  our  countrymen  of  France,  is  the  tone 
of  amenity,  politeness,  and  urbanity,  pervading 
the  school.  A  stranger  was  sure  of  hospitable 
entertainment,  and  of  being  made  to  feel  as  if 
he  were  in  no  foreign  land.  An  interpreter 
was  not  needed.  The  students  spoke  all  the 

*  The  College,  at  that  time,  counted  among  its  profes- 
sors, Khell,  Michael  Denis,  Eckhel,  Paul  de  Mako,  etc, 


256      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

languages  with  the  same  degree  of  facility, 
and  yet  this  exercise  did  not  encroach  upon 
their  ordinary  tasks.  The  habit  was  thus  ac- 
quired. On  one  day  of  the  week,  all  were 
compelled  to  speak  German,  a  second  was  as- 
signed for  Latin,  the  third  for  Italian,  and 
two  days  were  prescribed  for  French.  Thus 
what  I  am  about  to  relate  will  appear  less 
surprising.  I  was  seated  at  table  by  the  side 
of  the  young  Count  Bathiani,  an  Hungarian, 
of  only  eleven  years  of  age.  He  conversed 
with  me  for  some  time.  I  had  already  heard 
him  speak  Latin  with  the  fluency  and  pro- 
priety of  an  experienced  professor :  when  he 
spoke  French,  you  would  say  that  he  had 
been  educated  on  the  banks  of  the  Loire,  at 
Blois,  or  Orleans.  Our  conversation  was  prin- 
cipally at  the  table.  During  the  meal  there 
was  no  reading,  in  order  that  the  students 
might  take  advantage  of  that  time  to  habituate 
themselves  to  the  use  of  the  languages,  and  to 
the  manners  of  good  society.  For  this  object 
the  tables  were  round,  or  oval,  and  constructed 
so  as  to  accommodate  eight  students  and  four 
Jesuits,  the  latter  so  distributed  as  to  have  care 
of  all.  Each  pupil,  in  turn,  administered  to 
the  wants  of  his  companions,  and  thus  learned 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      257 

how  to  do  so  with  propriety.  Such  decorum 
regulated  their  whole  conduct,  that  although 
I  remained  for  some  time  in  their  midst,  I 
never  heard  a  single  expression  otherwise 
than  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  respect  due 
to  religion,  with  purity  of  morals,  and  with 
courtesy  which  good  breeding  prescribes."* 

This  distinguished  success,  this  splendor  of 
the  Theresan  College,  this  reputation  which 
attracted  crowds  of  pupils,  was  principally 
owing  to  the  exertions  of  Father  Henry  Ke- 
rens. Maria  Theresa  had  observed  his  ex- 
traordinary qualifications,  and  had  specially 
demanded  him  for  her  College,  where  he 
taught  moral  philosophy  and  history,  and  was 
afterwards  appointed  Eector.  The  Empress, 
after  the  suppression,  recompensed  the  zeal  so 
happily  exercised  in  his  former  office,  by 
nominating  him  to  the  See  of  Neustadt. 
There  he  displayed  the  sanctity  of  a  worthy 
prelate,  and  was  one  of  the  few  possessed  of 
courage  sufficient  to  resist  the  innovations  of 
Joseph  II.  The  prefect  of  studies  was  Father 
Francis  Charles  Palma,  who  also  signalized 
himself  by  his  skill  in  directing  and  forming 

*  Letter  to  M.  Noel,  Editor  of  Gruthrie's  Geography, 
p.  16.  (Turin,  1805.) 

22* 


258      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

the  young  nobility.  After  the  abolition  of  the 
Society,  Maria  Theresa  named  him  Bishop 
Suffragan  of  the  Archdiocese  of  Kolocza,  in 
Hungary.  And,  finally,  in  the  same  college 
was  displayed  the  ability  of  Father  Sigismund 
Hohenwart,  professor  and  prefect,  a  man 
familiar  with  almost  every  modern  tongue. 
To  his  charge,  Maria  Theresa  committed  the 
education  of  her  grandson,  afterwards  Francis 
II.  This  prince,  as  a  mark  of  grateful  esteem, 
obtained  for  him,  in  1803,  the  Archiepiscopal 
See  of  Vienna,  and  merited,  by  this  happy 
choice,  the  felicitations  of  Pius  VII. 

An  examination  of  the  other  colleges  of 
Europe,  will  show  the  same  flourishing  condi- 
tion, and  the  same  remarkable  men.  Have 
we  not  heard  the  honorable  testimony  borne 
by  the  members  of  the  University,  to  the 
capacity  of  the  Jesuits  who  directed  the  Col- 
lege of  Louis-le-Grand  ?  But  why  continue  the 
investigation  ?  We  have  already  made  an  enu- 
meration of  members  illustrious  for  their  learn- 
ing, who  belonged  to  the  Society  at  the  date  of 
its  suppression;  these  men,  we  repeat  had  been, 
or  were  then  professors,  and  in  number  sur- 
passed those  of  the  preceding  ages  of  the  Society. 
Granting  that  in  certain  branches,  theology, 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      259 

for  instance,  they  were  behind  their  fathers, 
for  this  they  compensated  by  their  superiority 
in  mathematics  and  the  natural  sciences,  and 
in  everything  were  in  advance  of  their  rivals. 
In  theology,  what  magnificent  professors  were 
Hermann,  Manhart,  Reuter,  Gravina,  Giorgi, 
Piascevich,  Kilber,  Holtzclau,  Neubaiier,  Voit, 
Faure,  Bolgeni,  Iturriaga,  Gener,  Sardagna, 
Stattler,  Stoppini,  and  Zaccaria !  Videnhofer, 
Veith,  Nicolai,  Tirsch,  Haselbauer,  Weite- 
nauer,  Curti,  Hartzheim,  Goldhagen,  Franz, 
Khell,  Zillich,  Girardeau,  in  holy  scripture 
and  the  sacred  languages !  Schwartz,  Biner, 
Zallinger,  Zech,  Stefanucci,  Antony  Schmidt, 
and  Vogt,  in  canon  law !  Eximeno,  Beraud, 
ScherfFer,  Eivoire,  Pezenas,  Lagrange,  Yeiga, 
Asclepi,  Ximenes,  Hell,  Monteiro,  Kratz,  Ric- 
cati,  Benvenuti,  Belgrade,  Walcher,  Weiss, 
Weinhart,  Wiilfen,  Steppling,  Huberti,  Pau- 
lian,  Liesganig,  Lecchi  and  Boscovich,  in  the 
mathematical  and  natural  sciences  !  Contzen, 
Storkenau,  Du  Tertre,  Mako,  Horvath,  Sag- 
ner,  Andre,  Para  du  Phanjas,  Azevedo,  Denis, 
Terreros,  Colomes,  Isla,  Guenard,  Grou,  Wurs, 
Andres,  Bettinelli,  Mazzolari,  Larraz,  Rossi, 
Rubbi,  RafFei,  Santi,  Lagomarsini,  Lampillas, 
Serrano,  Tiraboschi,  Geoffroi,  Desbillons,  Bro- 


560      SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS. 

tier,  F£raud,  Paul,  D'Aussy,  Ambroggi,  Nog- 
hera,  Benedetti,  Cunich,  Zamagna,  Morcelli, 
in  philosophy  and  literature !  Masdeu,  Panel, 
Schiiz,  Keri,  Daude,  Schwartz,  Hansitz,  Hai- 
den,  Prileszki,  Katona,  Holl,  Frcelich,  Polh, 
Kaprinai,  Naruszewicz,  Lazeri  and  Eckel,  in 
antiquities  and  the  sciences  connected  with 
history  ! 

How  then,  let  us  ask  again,  with  this  cata- 
logue before  us,  can  we  be  told  that  the  pro- 
fessors of  the  Society  of  Jesus  were  absolutely, 
or  even  relatively  inferior?  With  whom 
would  you  compare  them?  The  Protestants? 
But,  at  least  in  the  natural  sciences  and  theo- 
logy, the  Protestants  of  that,  and  former  ages, 
present  no  shining  names.  Their  advance- 
ment in  literature,  occurring  in  the  last  cen- 
tury, is  posterior  to,  or  atmost  coincident  with 
the  dispersion  of  the  Jesuits. 

The  friends  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  there- 
fore, retract  none  of  the  eulogies  they  have 
lavished  on  the  last  days  of  that  illustrious 
body.  They  may  continue  to  speak  of  the 
grandeur  of  the  Colossus,  at  a  time  when  an 
entire  age  combined  to  effect  its  demolition, 
and  they  will  not  be  charged  with  exaggera- 
tion by  men  of  intelligence,  by  men  cognizant 


SCIENTIFIC    CONDITION  —  SCHOOLS.      261 

of  the  facts.  In  unison  with  every  great,  every 
noble  voice  of  the  time,  they  may  join  in  de- 
ploring the  irreparable  loss  then  sustained  by 
European  literature  and  science;  they  may 
send  forth  ardent  prayers,  that  upon  our  age, 
the  unlucky  heir  to  the  miseries  and  ruins  of 
an  age  of  infidelity,  may  not  devolve  the 
heritage  of  its  senseless  animosities,  that  it 
may  permit  the  Society  of  Jesus  to  be  con- 
structed on  its  ancient  basis,  and  allow  it  to 
form  a  new  generation,  a  generation  of  studi- 
ous, learned  and  spotless  youth. 


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"  Mr.  Turnbull's  translation  is  worthy  of  the  fame  acquired  by  Audin  ;  and  no  man  can  sit  down 
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before  us.  How  many  are  there  who  view  the  past  with  some  regret,  seeing,  as  they  do,  what  have 
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all  its  bearings,  and  boldly  to  trace  to  its  origin  their  religious  system !  And  yet  it  would  appear 
a  most  natural  and  reasonable  course,  to  endeavor  to  determine  its  real  character,  by  seeing  how, 
and  under  what  circumstances  it  first  arose,  and  who  were  the  first  teachers  of  the  new  doctrines." 

Catholic  Standard. 

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4 


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BUTLER'S    LIVES   OF   THE    SAINTS. 

>p,    and  b>  .  just    Published, 

MCBELU8HED   WITH 


The  Lntt  of  the  fMhen,  M'rtyrt.  and  ott,er  Principal  Snintt.  compiled  from  the 

origin*!  •ooameata,  .-,•  marks 
.•sous  Modern  Critics  and  : 

1  vols.  super  royal  8vo,  cloth platea   4  50    4  roU cloth,  plates,  500 

3voU sheep    ••        500    4voU «00 

troU cl' •  cloth,  gilt  edges  16      "        760 

Unit,  gill  edg  es,  »    "        7  60    4  rols imit.  gilt  edges,  24     "      1000 


The  "Lives  of  the  Saint*."  by  the  ROT.  Alban  Bntler.  being  a  work  of  acknowledged  merit. 
full  of  sound  instruction,  and  abouu 
Preas,  aad  now  repabUshed  by  John  >  to  the 

Uithful.    Given  nudtr  mv  hi:',d.  at  Baltiu^re,  tL.-  !  . •  i.   ! ..-.     r  M  ire  ,    !<.». 

r  known  as  the  Lives  of  the  Sail  • 

,j  ..  .  .,,  — j  ,. iation.    Suffice  it  to  state,  th.- 

«o-.t,-n  up  with  the  .Trr-if-l  cnro.  t.a.l-r  tho  «up.-rvMon  of  the  eminent  Professors  of  St.  Mary's 

.  .-        •    •    •  :•         .         '     '-  >    .•       !       !•    T    M  !  b  .M  '..j..-.  *i.<l  Ui.iy;.|.\.y 

wMeft  ke  orf.lrd  to 

i     . -   ,        i     ,  .'    ,  •      •  •   .: 


In  helng  able  to  aaaoonee  the  appearanco  of  a 

•..  •  ,...-,      ...I 


............         . 

I-          lf:..n.  tM      \:  -  I  -.!.' 

paper  b  of  a  superior  quality,  and  tho  print 

i,.-. ,-..,•>•,::....<   :    I    I 


I 


MtlMNMM    t..   .•u.'irv    It    a      ir-i:l          ..    .."..I    to    I'-    n.-rif.      As    r.  f.  '•!«    tl.- 

of 

at    t;.-  -.,:,::,.,  ...Tin.  r,:   .,     ••••;     :     •;    ••  •      ,t.-..|    r.    :r.    t'.,- »•  H-ril-li-  Arcl,M.lio| 

nelasioa  wo  hope  that  a*  tho  cakrf  moti«c  of  the  publi. 

rmtare.  thoir  exert iou»  may  j  .i.d  thai  taooe  Cathodes  who  are 

wlthowt  the  Uroa  of  tho  Bainu  will  »  -.  f  Uio  haadoone  aad  eaoap  . 

wo  allude."  tfatt/o*  Catholic. 

-  Meairm.  Xnrphy  *  Co.  have  farosr  • 

;.  rice  at 
which  the  publishers  have  placed  the  work  will,  we  are  »aii- ....  1,  eusun 

..-Uc  Citixt*. 

•he  pnblishers  we  art  todcbte*  for  a  oopv  of  this  standard  work,  whkh  will  itand  competition 
with  any  edition  httkorto  Issued  in  this  oouatry.  It  U  a  reprint  of  the  old  Metropolitan  edition,  aad 
r  .,'•--•...-..•,,-.,.•  -  W.  •.'•  :  -.••:-•  .-•  -  ,  ..  •. 

that  we  have  never  soeu  a  copy  of  tho  "  Lire*  of  th«  Saiata,"  watch,  considering  iu  price,  made  a 

••Ou'roadorT^f*  aware  that  tho  above  work  of  the  ROT.  Alban  Butler,  U  tndtsprpsable  in  a 
Catholic  library,  a*  well  a*  in  the  library  of  a  Cathotte.  Tho  pious  deeds  of  the  holy  men  who  have 
in  all  agos  given  a  lustre  to  tho  Chorea,  by  their  eminent  sanctity  and  virtues,  aad  in  regard  to 
wUich.  oo  much  skeptical  ignorance  prevails,  are  subjects  with  which  every  Catholic  should  be 

r,-:.:  i*r.      T!:.-    praasttwWt    i«    n,    r.-    IMS*    ai  ponont   ••(    i!...   sm;ii;c-t  mcni.-.   ant    «,.   hPK-  the 
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lor.  Alban  Butler,  in  tho  mid-darkness   of  the  last  centary  as  it  lowered  over  Brit  tin, 
aad  published  in  Paris,  his  -  Lives  of  the  Saints."  the  flrst  sacred   hiogra;, 
Into  this  work  he  condensed  all  the  Roman  martyrolo«ies  from  that  attn v 
lown    U>that   of  BeD,-!i.-t    XIV.,  printed  at   C-i-tftio  in    17S1.      F 


J-r.m.-.  .!••>» n    \..\t.M   <•'.    IHMM    XIV..  ,-r.n^.l  at    OolOJM   in    1TS1.      HL-  i.l*.  made  **-  of    nf»r:v 

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The  rmUim  rMtef  says:  ••  These  two  volume*  are  plain.  eopJeos,  aad  nseful  sammaries  of  ancient 
I  the  i         ••    •  •  lltl  a*  thr    |     -     ak  the]  haw  aa*aafl  s/U  .;....,  ft  .,- 

v     We  observe  that  ia  the  earlier  portion  of  ancient  : . 

-.."•rail,  follow*  the  old  established  view  of  tb«  ;    polar, 

..f-fact  aarratlre  of  evenu  like  the  Tn.jsn  war.  the  history  of  Romulus.  *c.  Ac.  This,  after 
i  -I.  is  the  best  plan.  Any  misconceptions  are  easily  corrected,  while  sommaries  which  are  con- 
tracted oa  the  modern  theories  of  critics.  Mke  Mebe.hr.  labour  andrv  a  variety  of  disadvantage*. 

-    .      :....-.      :, 
I  .story,  Grote  wouW  throw  aside.  •  -.lyths.'  In  which  ThirtwallU  ready  to  re- 


i  .«iii«e  some  traces  of  fact,  aad  probably  a  future  historiau  will  subject  the  same  to  some  new  and 

. 

•n  the 

»  ihjecc    For  young  minds,  also,  nothing  can  be  more  injurious  than  a  doubting.  >,. 
.  r  teaching  even  »t-o..  Modern  HUtory  U  carried  down  to  a  lat<-  ; 

1  -'i  I.  and  furnishes  a  convenient  introduction  to  impart  to  the  youthful  reader  an  acquaintance  with 
tUe  contemporary  evenu  of  Knrope  aad  America." 

The  losMtoa  Ostaolie  Stmmimri says :   -Those  two  exoefleot  maaaah)  ef  history  have  a  wide  and 

iug  clrcolation  In  America,  and  are  everywhere  held  la  the  highest  esteem.    The  compiler, 

i-t .  has  won  to  himself  a  high  reputation  for  hi*  great  acquirements  and  admirable  skill  as 

-   r..««,r.     Hi*  .,-ll-ramr.|  f.me  will  «u!fer  no  diminution  fr«m  the  publication  of  these  two  excel- 

1  -nt  volume*.    Be  has  achieved  a  task  of  no  ordinary  dlOcnlty.  la  compress 

into  so  email  a  space;  la  tearing  untold  nothing  that  was  ef  note  ef  U 

aaoaUef  taoworU.    No  college,  school,  or  Ittrary  oaght  t*  be  wHhoat  those  < 

The  PwosTa  t*»*ysp>  say*;  "Froaef*  Hsrtorio*  hove  heea  •<>pn*.  aa  a  etautiik.  by  the  Irish 

1     ..:.'-       •  ;.'  ;:v-:v:.:.  -..,..••::•.:;-,::,..;. 

W...W   n.>V^ll«  .n/4    P>A)..t.n> ..  «•• •  >JLl    .1.1  1.-..-I.  mf  ^.-.--«— ^T  r 


The  Catholic  Inttrvftor  say* :   "  We  hope  these  Histories  wOl  soon  find  their  way,  not  only  into 

i.rary  and  literary  Institution  among  us,  hat  also  into  every  private  family.  In  order  that 

those  who  hate  read  history  through  false  medium*  may  have  the  truth  before  them,  whenever  they 

*  Uh  to  search  for  it ;  aud  that  the  young  may  learn  the  past  from  pare  aad  no 


The  OuJkoUcSnOinet  says:  ••  These  beaatlfal  treatise*  are  qaite  deaerring  of  the  patronage  which 
hevootaia.  If  there  be  any  thing  anknown  tooaraU-learne4ganeration.it  U  history.  Aadifsach 
a  history  a*  Dr.  Fred«  .  is'coald  become  naivermlly  ased  te%nr  schosis.  colleges/aad  priv^e  fa 

deal  mere ;  and  could  far 


we  attaota*toaiaae4  that  Dr.  Fredet  aa«Ms  name  takea  up  hy  the  Iri.h  I  ni- 
merica  has  made  therein  such  an  inroad  apoa  the  abridged  MsUries  heretofore 


The  M*i»fQWm  say* :  -  The  styte  i*  veritably  charming  by  Its  simplicity,  and  by  the  quiet  love  of 
hie  sahjeet  whlenthe  reverend  aatbor  eoostaatly  displays,  this  interest  ft*  by  himself  is  naturally 
infused  tato  the  narrative,  so  that  It  Is  no  wsnltf  H  I  Lion* is.  however  familiar,  however  concisely 
intrunl.  laiini'-— '  "  r' — *~I*"  *-••••- «•*--— ^-  It  i*  the  laagaage  ef  a  talented  and  MSC- 
rcssfol  Uankrr.  who  rililn  to  Ms  das*  the  gnat  eveats  of  time,  succinctly  bat  graphically,  without 

.•-••,  v  ,,,d  rirtur«>..,uf  manner.     It  i«  thus  that  history  .ri..iM  t*  »  ntt-.i'for  youth. 

.iiove  sabstantlal  merits  of  rre-iet.  at  this  day  it  ls  snperfloone  to  speak.    We  have  but  one 
f ..alt  to  ftad  with  hi*  histories,  aad  some  may  ooasider  U  a  marit-Uey  are  to*  brief.- 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  Catholic  Books. 

fhther  Oswald,  a  genuine  Catholic  story,  18mo,  cloth,  50 cl.  gt.  edg.       73 

"  This  Work  is  intended  to  be  a  refutation  of  Father  Clement;  and  as  the  author  has  been  signally 
successful  in  accomplishine  his  design,  the  circulation  of  this  work  is  well  worthy  the  zeal  of  tho-o 
who  have  at  heart  the  honour  and  propagation  of  the  true  faith."  U.  S.  Catholic  Magazine. 

Fenelon  on  the  Education  of  a  Daughter,  ISino,  cl.  50 cl.  gt.  edg.    7-3 

"Nothing  can  be  of  greater  importance  to  parents  than  to  learn  the  difficult  art  of  successfully 
training  the  youthful  mind,  and  of  giving  to  the  female  children  under  their  charge  that  physical 
and  moral  education  which  will  fit  them  to  be  useful  members  of  society,  and  to  fulfil  the  great  en  1 
for  which  they  were  placed  in  this  world.  The  vast  majority  of  parents  are  but  too  lamentably  ;.- 
norant  of  their  duties  in  this  respect,  and  the  consequences  of  it  are  but  too  keenlv  felt  even  i>  ; 
themselves,  though  at  a  period  when  it  is  too  late  to  repair  the  effects  of  their  culpable  inattention. 
The  work  before  us  is  a  manual  of  excellent  instructions  on  this  all-important  subject,  and  every 
family  should  be  provided  with  a  copy  of  it."  U.  &  Catholic  Magazine. 

Garden  of  finses  and  Valley  of  Lilies,  by  Thos.  &  Kempis... 32mo,  cloth      25 

cloth,  gilt  edges    38 im.  tur.,  gilt  ed.    75 turkey,  sup.  ex.  1  00 

"  Of  the  many  admirable  works  written  by  the  celebrated  author,  this  is,  perhaps,  the  most  ge- 
nerally useful,  as  it  is  unquestionably  the  most  practical.  With  a  noble  sublimity  in  its  devotion, 
and  an  affecting  unction  in  its  piety,  it  unites  a  charming  attraction  in  its  style,  and  a  beautiful  sim- 
plicity in  its  details,  equally  adapted  to  every  sex,  age,  state,  or  condition  of  life,  interior  or  exterior. 
It  is  "from  the  pen  of  an  author  who  was  deeply  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  God,  and  whose  lessons 
cannot  fail  to  be  an  effectual  safeguard  against  the  dangers  and  temptations  of  the  world.  Whoevi  r 
enters  with  proper  dispositions  this  spiritual  garden,  or  wanders  along  the  quiet  vale  to  which  tlni 
author  of  this  little  book  invites  him,  must  necessarily  imbibe  the  rich  and  delightful  fragrauce  it' 
those  heavenly  virtues,  which  form  the  excellence  and  perfection  of  the  Christian  character." 

U.  S.  Catholic  Magazine. 

Life  ofSf*  Mphonsus  Maria  de  Liguori,  Bishop  of  St.  Agatha  of  the  Goths,  and 
Founder  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Missionary  Priests  of  the  Most  Holy  Re- 
deemer. Compiled  from  the  published  Memoirs  of  the  Saint.  BY  ONE  OF  THE 
KEDEMPTORIST  FATHERS.  Embellished  with  a  fine  steel  Portrait  of  the  illus- 
trious saint 12mo,  cloth  1  25- cloth,  gt.  ed.  and  sides  2  ro 

Another  edition,  printed  on  large,  fine  paper,  suitable  for  libraries 8vo,  sheep  2  1:5 

EXTRACTS  FKOM  THE  PREFACE. — "  The  compiler  long  since  noticed  with  regret,  that  there  was  r-.i 
Life  of  St.  Alphonsus  published  in  the  English  language  which  adequately  set  forth  the  merits  ..f 
that  illustrious  Saint,  aad  displayed  his  many  claims  to  our  admiration  and  respect.  In  order  to 
supply  this  deficiency,  he  undertook,  more  than  ten  years  ago,  a  translation  of  the  Life  of  the  Sau.t 
from  the  Italian  ;  bat  various  circumstances  occurred  to  retard  its  completion.  As  soon,  thereto."1, 
as  his  occupations  permitted,  he  resumed  his  undertaking;  but  thinking  that  a  compilation  would 
answer  his  purpose  better  than  the  proposed  translation,  he  was  induced  to  change  his  original  plau, 
and  to  prepare  for  publication  the  work  which  is  now  presented.  While,  however,  he  has  attempted 
nothing  beyond  a  mere  compilation,  care  has  been  taken  to  unite  completeness  with  brevity,  and  te 
believes  that  th«  portraitof  St.  Alphonsus  which  is  given  in  the  following  pages,  could  not  have  be^n 
rendered  more  perfect  and  true  otherwise  than  by  the  entire  reproduction  of  the  voluminous  me- 
moirs already  published. 

"  There  is  no  occasion  to  enlarge  here  upon  the  merits  of  the  Saint.  During  a  life  time  of  ninety 
years,  laboriously  occupied  in  the  service  of  God  and  in  the  salvation  of  souls,  he  exhibited  con- 
tinually such  splendid  examples  of  every  virtue,  that  the  mere  narration  of  them  will  be  at  once  li;.s 
best  panegyric,  and  the  most  persuasive  exhortations  to  the  imitation  of  his  holiness." 

Life  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  Founder  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Missions,  and  of 

the  Sisters  of  Charity cloth  extra      50 cloth,  gilt  edges      75 

"  This  volume  is  neatly  executed,  and  well  deserves  all  the  typographical  excellence  that  can  1  e 
bestowed  upon  it.  li  is  one  of  those  books  which  may  be  said  to  contain  the  quintessence  of  all  tt:it 
is  admirable  in  the  practical  influence  of  our  faith,  and  to  place  it  before  the  reader  in  a  form  equal!  v 
interesting  and  instructive.  Few  biographies  of  the  saints  could  be  found  to  possess  a  greater  in- 
terest than  that  of  St.  Vincent  of  Paul ;  none  could  be  more  practically  useful.  His  life  was  so  une- 
quivocally and  so  copiously  fruitful  in  every  species  of  good  works,  that  it  has  been  eulogized  even 
by  Protestant  pens.  The  volume  which  has  just  appeared  should  for  this  reason  be  introduced  into 
every  Catholic  family,"  U.  S.  Catholic  Magazine. 

Life,  of  St.  Patrick,  Apostle  of  Ireland— to  which  are  added  the  Lives  of  St. 
Bridget,  Virgin  and  Abbess,  and  St.  Columba,  Abbot  and  Apostle  of  the 

Northern  Picte.    Embellished  with  a  fine  Portrait 12mo,  cloth      50 

"  There  is  no  department  in  Irish  history  which,  for  the  Irish  reader,  should  possess  more  true 
interest  than  the  ecclesiastical  annals  of  his  country.  They  are  almost  the  only  record  over  wiiirli 
he  may  pore  with  unmixed  satisfaction  and  unalloyed  national  pride.  As  with  Italy,  so  also  wiih 


Ireland,  the  Catholic  religion  has  been  the  only  unity  which  for  centuries  she  possessed — the  only 
unpurchased  and  unpurchasable  body  which  has  survived  the  fiery  ordeal  of  persecution  and  misery 
through  which  the  country  has  passed.  The  history  of  the  Irish  Church,  and  consequently  tb-,3 
biography  of  those  of  her  sons  who  were  most  eminent  for  their  piety,  has  ever  been  a  favorite 
study  of  thfi  youth  of  Ireland,  and  to  no  more  useful  branch  could  they  apply.  In  this  countrr, 
where  so  many  of  our  fellow  countrymen  have  found  a  home  and  a  free  altar,  every  work  which  ia 
any  way  illustrates  the  history  of  their  fatherland  must  prove  invaluable.  Hence,  we  hail  with 
pleasure  a  new  edition  of  this  useful  work— the  Life  of  the  great  Apostle  of  Ireland,  of  St.  Bridget. 
and  St.  Columba.  It  entirely  refutes  the  calumnies  of  such  writers  as  Cauibrensis.  Jocelin,  aud 
others."  Truth  Teller. 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  Catholic  Books, 

Lifenfi  r..>nnventun—t"  \sliirh  an-ivMiNl  the  l>i-votion  to  the  Three 

Hour*'  Agony  of  our  Ix.ni  mi  i: 
wph  t  edges      75 

The  neriu  of  ihU  standard  work  are  M>  well  known  in  the  Catholic  community,  a*  worthy  of  the 
eminent  sanctity  of  iu  author,  and  a-  a  vast  *ource  of  edification  to  the  pioui  reader,  that  auy  oom- 

.V.  Aunubiiu  Kottia.  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  Patron  of  Novices, 
clot).  ..ledge*      63 

'•  This  to  one  of  theae  works  which  do  more  for  the  maintenance  •  ty  among  the 

practical  advocate*  of  religion  than  BUT  other  clan  of  books,  even  those  of  a  spiritual  rt> 
The  I-lfe  of  Saint  StanUlan*  la  a  valunVle  addition   to  oar  haglological  lir.-ratun-  and  H. 
extensively  circulated,  particularly  amoug  the  janlor  ponioa  of  the  community,  who  will  discover 
in  nil  heroic  example*  an  accomplished  model  for  imitation." 

THK  ri:ori  :.AND. 

LiHfarfi  History  »/ England,  abridged,  with  n  contit. 

By  JAJUS  BUBJCB,  E*q.,  Barrister  at  Law.     \\  ith  a  Memoir  of  Dr.  l.'.iu:mi.  and 

b  a  fin-  *te.-l   Por- 
trait of  Dr.  Langard.    1  vol.  M  ,;-y  style  2  50 

This  highly  Important  work  U  comprised  in  a  bcwutiful  octavo  rolnme  of  nearly  700  page* ;  It 
to  printed  and  booud  In  the  be*t  Banner,  mad  may  justly  be  considered  one  of  the  ebeapert  books 


We  teller*  that  it  will  be  at  once  conceded,  that  at  ao  period  ha*  U  beea  of  more  Importance  than 
at  the  present  to  place  before  the  American  poMic  a  true  and  Impartial  history  of  England.  Ko 
apology  need  therefore  b*  made  for  the  publication  of  aa  abridgment  of  Dr.  Ungard  •  History  of 
Knglan*.  •<  «  pric*  fAot  trill  «f  <mcc  jrfacc  tt  vwJii  U«  r«ic*  •/•«  class**. 

Although  Ungard's  England  has  beea  nearly  half  a  century  before  the  public,  not  one  fact  stated 
by  him  ha*  been  proved  U  be  erroneous,  white  the  critic*  of  att  creeds  haw  joined  In  expressing 
their  approbation  of  hi*  great  work.  la  ityte  without  a  superior,  in  truthfulness  without  an  equal, 
Llngard  slaa<to  batter*  the  htotsrto  Undent  as  th«  medel  of  what  an  historian  should  be.  Having  thus 
•poke*  of  th«  «rU  of  Linear*.  it  to  right  U,  add  that  the  rtodtnt  will  la*  that  tto  fe*4s***M  ««rta  of 
Uiegraat  Catholic  historian  of  Kngland  have  been  religton*lypre*erved  IB  the  Abridc^iK-Dt.  Of  the 
eontinnatlon  we  shall  merely  say  that  It  has  been  written  by  an  author  who  has  beea  long  and  fa- 
vorably known  la  literature.  The  publisher*  therefore  feel  confident  that  Mr.  Bnrke  will  be  found 
to  have  written  in  strict  accordance  with  the  spirit  which  dictated  the  great  work  of  the  historian 
whose  page*  he  ha*  followed.  The  (ketch  of  the  British  Constitution,  the  abstract  of  the  geography 
of  Kaglaad  la  Saxon  time*,  the  list  of  eminent  naUre*.  and  the  marginal  notes,  will  add  much  to 
the  latent*  of  the  work,  and  will  be  (bund  useful  to  the  reader,  by  way  of  reference. 


*..  'h  1 


1  with  the  early  history  of  the  Saxon  conquerors 
fcna.  however  separated  by  plaee  from  the 

H.    /:,-.:  pttlN    I-     3  :>.-    UagfO  Sav.n  Cl.ur.-lj 

•    . 

laimsiaiikli  aesjelslliea  far  the  theetogtonl  nudent :  a*  many  of  the  controversies  which,  unfortn- 

:         '•    •        .-.:.-.-:••  .I..."-'.-----.:"       :     -•     :     - 

—  ef  the  early  Aagso-flMoa  Church,  or  derive  esostdetabto  tight  frorr  -  ' 


,  The  Little  Sailor.   Tranftlatod  from  the  French.  Knv.  with  S  tinted 
illustratfons -Ig.  and  skiee 


'-  We  cordially  thank  the  pnbliaber*.  Mean.  Murphy  *  Co..  of  Baltimore,  for  introducing  to  our 
ye*ng  friend*  this  cheap.  Interesting,  beautifully  Illustrated,  and  truly  Catholic  story.  The  '  moral 
which  it  points'  to  ooaioease  la  Cod  and  his  Blessed  Mother.  Would  that  we  had  more  saeh  stories 


;  friend*  this  cheap,  Interesting,  beautifully  Illustrated,  and  truly  Catholic  story.    The  '  moral 
i  It  points*  to  ooaSdeaoe  in  God  and  hi*  Blessed  Mother.    Would  that  we  had  more  such  stork- 
It.  p«t  t^»  «*•»  ^—t-  tf  OTUT  littti  rnss  "  London  Lamp. 


Leuarmt;  or,  D*ty,  once  nmdtrttood,  RttigumAy  Fulfilled.    Translated  from  the 

French.. Mo,  cloth    5".  cloth,  gilt  edges      75 

"  We  have  seldom  read  a  more  Interesting  tale  than  to  contained  In  this  book.    It  to  precisely  a 

novel  of  that  sort  which  to  waated  mr  the  entertainment  and  Instruction  of  youth."    Metropolitan. 

Lomuo;  or,  The  Empire  of  Rdigw*,  82mo,  cl.  25 doth,  gt.  edgen      38 

m*rmet  /two  (*•  Prtfoe*.—"  The  Author  of  this  little  book,  who,  in  embracing  the  Catholic  roll- 
gloo,  comprehended  fall  well  IU  grandeur  and  sul.limity.  and  how  It  Inspires  generouidevotednesa 
aad  heroic  action*,  has  given  in  hi*  work  a  free  scope  to  the  ardor  of  his  imagination,  and  to  the 
Uvetlncss  of  hi*  thoughts  and  sentiments;  their  beauty,  nobleness  and  generally  cannot  foil  to 
touch  the  heart,  and  to  chow  that  the  most  extraordinary  action*  may  appear  natural  when 
iiupired  by  Christian  charity." 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  Catholic  Books, 

Mil-tier's  End  of  Religious  Controversy,  in  a  Friendly  Correspondence  between  a 
Religious  Society  of  Protestants  and  a  Catholic  Divine.  By  the  Right  Rev. 
John  Milner  ............  12mo,  paper  25...  ............  half  bound  38  ...............  cloth  50 

The  character  of  this  book  being  so  well  established,  as  the  very  best  controversial  work  in  the 
English  language,  we  deem  it  sufficient  to  add,  that  this  edition  is  pviiited  from  large  type,  on  good 
paper;  and  for  the  purpose  of  securing  it  the  most  extensive  circulation,  the  price  has  beeu  reduced 
to  the  lowest  manufacturing  cost. 

Manual  of  the  Sodality  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary.    Second  enlarged  and  revised 
edition,  with  appropriate  hymns  set  to  music,  32rno,  cloth  25...  cloth,  gilt  edges      38 
CONTENTS.—  Diploma  of  the  Sodality;  Indulgences  of  the  Sodality;    General  Rules  of  the  So 
dality;  Office  of  the  Blessed  Virgin;  Office  for  the  Dead;  Rules  of  the  Sodality;  Method  of  Mentar 
Prayer;   Plenary  Indulgence,  &c.  ;  Litany  of  the  B.  V.  M.  in  Latin;   do.   do.   in  English;    Occa 
sioual  Prayers  ;   Mode  of  applying  for  Affiliation  to  Head-Sodality  ;  Formula  of  reception  into  th» 
Sodality  of  the  Holy  Infant  Jesus  ;  and  the  Sodality  of  the  Holy  Angels." 

"  An  excellent  Manual  of  devotional  exercises  is  here  presented  to  the  public,  containing  th« 
various  offices  composed  by  the  Church  to  honor  the  Virgin  Alary,  with  appropriate  Litanies,  and 
Hymns  set  to  Music.  It  will  be  found  useful  in  our  colleges,  and  in  fact  wherever  the  children  of 
Mary  congregate  to  honor  her.  Its  charming  simplicity  and  the  fervent  spirit  of  devotion  which 
characterize  its  pages,  form  not  the  least  commendable  feature  in  the  compilation  of  prayers." 

Truth  Tetter. 

On  Fashions.     Translated  from  the  French  .........................  16ino,  flexible  cloth      13 

"  This  is  a  small  book,  but  it  has  a  great  spirit,  and  is  one  which  we  recommend  all  parents  to  read 
and  study,  and  all  fashionable  people  to  commit  to  memory.     It  is  painful  to  reflect  how  many  souls 
are  ruiued  by  what  passes  for  fashionable  dress,  or  what  is  more  properly  denominated  undress." 

£>-ou-)ison'  s  Rev. 
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Pauline  Reward,  a  Tale  of  Real  Life,  12mo.  cl.  1  00  ............................  cl.  gt.edg.  1  50 

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tale  thau  this."  London  Sun. 

Short  and,  Familiar  Answers  to  the  Objections  most  Commonly  urged  against  Re- 
ligion.   From'  the  French  of  L'Abbe  de  Segur,  formerly  Chaplain  of  the  Mili- 
tary Prison  of  Paris  ..................................................................  18mo,  cloth      38 

"  There  reigns  in  all  the  book,"  says  the  Bibliographic  Catholique.  "  a  delicious  simplicity  of  unc- 
tion ;  whoever  opens  it,  wishes  to  continue  its  perusal,  and  its  charming  pages  shed  a  soft  light 
which  scatters  shadows,  causes  difficulties  to  vanish,  destroys  prejudices,  restores  rectitude  to  the 
judgment,  to  truth  its  place,  to  religion  its  benefits  and  its  splendor.  Nothing  can  be  more  simply 


written,  to  be  sure,  but  also  nothing  can  be  more  touching,  more  natural,  more  loyal,  more  straight- 
forward, more  persuasive.  It  is  a  discourse  without  pompous  preparation,  but  full  of  fascination." 
The  book  has  had  an  immense  success  in  France  :  one  hundred  thousand  copies  are  said  to  have  beeu 


St.  Liguori  on  the  Religious  State.  —  Duties  and  Advantages  of  the  Religious  State; 
or  Lesser  Works  of  St.  Alphonsus  relating  to  the  Religious  State.     Translated 
from  the  Italian  by  a  Priest  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Most  Holy  Redeemer. 
This  little  work  forms  a  complete  Treatise  on  the  "  Vocation  to  the  Religious 
State."  ...........................  ISmo,  cl.     50  ...........................  cl.  gt.  edg.  and  sides      75 

"We  have  perused  this  little  work  with  no  little  amount  of  pleasure  and  edification.  As  a 
means  of  ascertaining  one's  vocation  in  life,  it  is  invaluable  to  youth.  Age,  too,  may  meditate  on 
its  words  and  precepts  with  benefit.  We  would  advise  every  parent  to  purchase  this  little  work  and 
present  it  to  their  children,  when  about  to  choose  a  pathway  through  the  thickets  and  morasses  of 
life.  The  choice  of  a  state  of  life  is  most  important,  as  oa  it  hangs  our  small  pittance  of  happiness 
on  this  side  of  the  grave,  and  pur  eternal  welfare  beyond  it.  True,  indeed,  are  the  words  of  the 
Scripture  :  '  Unusquisque  proprium  donum  haber  a  Deo.'  "  •  Truth  Tetter. 

Spiritual  Combat  —  to  which  is  added  Peace  of  the  Soul,  Happiness  of  the  Heart, 
(fc.,  32nio,  flexible  cloth,  19;   cloth,  25;   cloth,  gilt  edges,  38;   roan,  stamped 
sides    38  .................  imitation  gilt  edges    50  .....................  turkey,  super  extra  1  25 

Extracts  from  the  Preface.  —  "  This  little  treatise  comprehends,  in  a  concise  manner,  the  whole 
system  of  a  Devout  Life,  gathered  from  the  maxims  of  the  Gospel,  particularly  from  those  which 
regard  humility  and  self-denial. 

"  Among  an  infinity  of  encomiums  which  might  be  cited  in  its  commendation,  let  it  suffice  to  say 
that  one  of  the  greatest  Saints  these  later  ages  have  produced,  St.  Francis  of  Sales,  for  upwards  of 
twenty  years  carried  this  book  in  his  pocket,  and  never  failed  reading  some  pages  of  it  every  day  ; 
he  called  it  his  Director,  and  recommended  it  to  all  those  who  consulted  him  in  the  great  affair  of 
salvation.  And  though  that  excellent  book,  the  Imitation  of  Christ,  like  this,  tends  to  unite  the 
soul  eutirely  to  God,  yet  St.  Francis  gave  the  preference  to  the  SPIRITUAL  COMBAT,  for  this  reason, 
because  the  latter  red'uces  its  maxims  to  practice  ;  whereas  the  former  contains,  indeed,  abundance 
of  choice  sentiments,  but  does  not  point  out  the  immediate  application  of  them." 

Spiritual  Exercises  of  St.  Ignatius.  —  Translated  from  the  authorized  Latin,  with 
extracts  from  the  literal  version,  and  notes  of  the  Rev.  Father  Rothaan, 
Father-General  of  the  Company  of  Jesus,  by  Charles  Seager,  M.  A.  To  which 
is  prefixed  a  Preface  by  Cardinal  Wiseman  ...............................  cap.  8vo,  cloth  63 

Spiritual  Maxims  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul.  32mo,  cl.  19  ........................  gilt  edges      25 

10 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  Catholic  Books. 

THE   PICTORIAL    CATHOLIC   NEW  TESTAMENT. 
Embellished  with  about  l&O  Fine  Illustrations. 

J%«  New  nrtamtmt  of  our  Lnrd  and  Saviour  J-  --.mslated  from  the 

Latin  Volga  te,  and  diligently  compared  with  thi-  nri^in:u  rij  r«- 

Ti«cd  and  corrected,  wit>  m.-st  difficult  pas- 

sage*.   Published  under tl  '  luv.  Ar.-h1 

Hughe*,  embdlL-hed  with  nearly  l.Vi  Fine  lllu.-tr:iii..ns.  in  • 
art.  -vo,embo«ed  cloth  2  5u emb.  r-1.  gt.  edg.  and  sides  3  00 

The  Publisher.  have  the  pleasure  to  announce  that  the;  have  pnrchajed  this  edition  of  the  Ca 
tboUc  Sew  Testament  from  the  original  projector.  Mr.  Hewet.  whose  successful  experience  of  many 
years.  In  embellishing  books,  gives  them  gnat  confidence  in  assuring  the  public  that  thU  work  la  fat 
•uperior  to  any  other  Catholic  pictorial  publication  heretofore  Issued  from  the  American  Press.  Of 
the  various  books  which  are  capable  of  illustrative  enibelUshiuent,  none  Mem  more  appropriately 
adapted  to  this  object.  To  the  Bible,  pictorial  art  U  indebted  for  iu  n«UMt  inspiration* :  its  highest 
achievements  have  been  wrought  In  the  service  of  the  sanctuary. 
bodying  all  the  most  prominent  subjects  in  the  Xew  Testament,  I 
of  the  ancient  and  modern  schools  of  art— thus  making 


The  aaaw  of  the  very  leaned  elrlae  aader  whom  saperrUtoa  the  work  has  been  Issued,  U  an  ample 
guarantee  for  the  correctness  of  the  text-and  the  approbation  of  the  Most  Her.  Archbishop  ana 
KL  BCT.  Blsaeae.  so  freely  meads*,  fire  full  assurance  that  this  edition  is  one  well  worthy  of  most 
liberal  oaoearag  esneat  of  the  Catholics,  as  the 


Co/aoHc  rerftsseriMvesTiata*  Cmited 
That  the  Catholic  community  may  judge  of  the  lively  interest  manifested  by  many  of  the  Catholic 
hierarchy  in  behalf  of  this  work,  we  subjoin  the  following 

APPROBATIONS. 

Jesrtaws,  Iteemisr  14/»,  1847.    • 

Mr  Dt»sSia:-You  have  my  cheerful  approbation  of  roar  proposed  edition  of  the  New  Testa- 
R-.  :.•  .  •  -  i  .'..-.:.:.-•  -  •  .  •  .  ;:.:.•  K.  •.  i  01  Vea  v.  rfc 

V    •  rerj  mstiMdaMB  MtttOkrist,  t  SAMUEL,  Archbishop  of  Baltimore. 

Mr.  H.  W.  Hawar.  New  York. 
Data  8n :— The  pai|isos  which  yea  hare  made  known  to  me.  of  pablishlng  a  pictorial  and  Illumi- 

,        ,;,     ......         x   ,•...........,         :     .........      ...     ...     K 

the  •aaerler  advantage,  of  year  esNMHhmSt  la  executing  such  a  work,  with  appropriate  embellish? 
meats,  I  cbeerfblly  recommend  to  the  patronage  of  the  Catholie  public  the  enterprise  in  which  yoa 
are  iijiaTl  The  IIP  seal  tare  oa  year  part  la  accomplishtag  It  mast  necessarily  be  large,  and  yet 

;      ..        .    .        ,:...-••'•.'-..-•       •_•-•.•:       ,->-.,         •.-...•-•..       ,..  1  .,,...,.-•;.. 

dally  the  CathonVportioa  of  H.  S.  work  of  equal  artistSeel  beauty  has,  as  yet/been  pabllshedte 
this  country  :  while,  oa  the  ether  head,  the  eheapaess  _at  which  yoa  furnish  It  to  subscribers,  will 

brittJC  tt  Vtttttsl   0M   aV^VtaJ  rf   I 

fs«nhof  thearoa*ste< 

ttysffssuKl 

I  remaia.  very  rtoeerely.'yoor  obedtent  serraBt,    '    f  J  - .  Bishop  of  Xew  York. 

MR.  Hcwrr  being  about  to  undertake  the  pabllcatloo  of  ao  edition  of  the  New  Testament,  with 
Illustration.,  with  the  sanction  of  the  Bishop  of  Xew  York.  I  cheerfully  concur  In  recommending  U 
t  UmMaMMel  tt*  !.  mm.  Mi  :,  •  leraq  haa4  "  .-  nthdaj  sFXeromher,  1847. 

t  FRV  llICK,   Bishop  of  Philadelphia. 

Mr  Data  SIR  :— It  Is  with  a  great  pleasure  that  I  see  yoar  Illustrated  edition  of  the  Catholic  Xew 
Testament  about  to  be  published,  aad  I  cheerfully  recommend  it  to  the  faithful  of  this  diocess. 

qnsfoarf,  JM*  »th,  1848.  t  AMEDEUS,  Bishop  of  Cleveland. 

Mr  D«AR  Star— I  hare  read  yoer  prospectus  of  an  Tllamlnated  Testament,  which  yoa  propose 

r  -         .-     .-.  :    -  '  ,      -  .  '  i:.-"!'  •  •     .  '    N.-v    V.rk  :    I'.-JM,.  t    l-ut 

approve  the  undertaking,  and  I  will  cheerfully  recommend  It  to  the  faithful  of  this  diocess. 

Ijemain.  most  sincerely.vonr  obedient  servant,  Bishop  of  New  Orleans. 

I><4a  SIR  :-I  am  highly  pleased  with  yoer  very  landaMe  undertaking.-"  an  edition  ••'  the  Illns. 
trated  Catholic  Xew  Testameat,-— aad  treat  yoar  enterprise  will  meet  with  the  encouragement  which 
It  so  well  merits.  1  shall  sebecribe  to  H,  and  will  endeavor  to  Induce  others  to  do  the  same. 

Very  truly,  yoar  servant  In  Christ,  t  IOU8.  AL.  REYNOLDS,  Bishop  of  Charleston. 

Otariestea,  A  <?.,  A*f*«  1HA,  1848. 

D>Aa  Sta :— The  names  of  the  Archbishop  of  Baltimore,  and  of  the  Bishops  of  New  York  and 
Philadelphia,  are  such  a  recommendation  to  year  Illustrated  Testament  as  to  render  any  other 
eanecessary.  With  them  I  heartily  join  In  their  expresMon  of  aPProb»tion. 

V.  rv  r.-r^tr-i:;r  nn  1  .in^rvlv  Tncr*.  t  RICHARD    VINCENT,  Bishop  of  Richmond. 

ITaeeUMf,  A*y**t  lit*,  1846. 

11 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  Catholic  Books. 

THE   PICTORIAL   NEW  TESTAMENT.— OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS. 

From  a  larye  number  of  highly  complimentary  notices  of  the  Press,  we  select  the  following,   as 

embodying  the  spirit  of  others:— 

"  We  must  recommend  our  readers  to  examine  this  volume;  we  have  never  seen  an  American 
publication  at  once  so  artistically  and  tastefully  got  up;  in  fact,  it  is  a  regular  chefd'aiuvre  in  its 
way.  It  is  unnecessary  to  say  that  the  work  is'published  under  proper  approbation.  The  publica- 
tion, in  such  highly  ornamental  editions,  of  the  sacred  volume  is  sure  evidence  of  the  good  taste  of 
our  fellow  Catholics  in  the  United  States."  Toronto  Catholic  Citizen. 

"  We  have  rarely  seen  a  work  that  pleased  us  more,  or  which  for  the  beauty  and  elegance  of  its 
illustrations  is  so  creditable  to  the  publishers.  Every  page  is  profusely  covered  with  these  illustrations, 
an  dfroni  the  style  in  which  they  have  been  got  up,  ihe  outlay  must  have  been  very  large.  Every 
Catholic  who  wishes  to  have  one  of  the  best  and  most  elegant  editions  of  the  inspired  writings  cu 
his  table  should  procure  the  Illustrated  New  Testament.  The  work  has  been  got  up  under  the 
sanction  of  the  illustrious  Archbishop  of  New  York,  and  we  presume  this  affords  a  sufficient 
guarantee  of  the  accuracy  of  the  translation."  Halifax  Catholic. 

"  This  edition  of  the  New  Testament  filled  with  illustrations,  nearly  all  of  which  are  creditable 
and  some  really  beautiful,  is  a  proof  that  we  take  some  interest  in  the  sacred  volume.  But  this 
method  of  showing  love  to  the  Scriptures,  and  attracting  the  popular  mind  to  their  perusal,  i.s, 
indeed,  peculiarly  Catholic  ;  all  Europe,  the  walls  of  churches,  of  convents,  nay,  of  palaces  and 
the  very  bridges  and  the  public  ways,  being  adorned  with  the  testimonials  of  it.  This  edition  of  ti  o 
New  Testament,  from  its  possessing  in  its  degree  the  same  charm,  is  especially  suited  to  inspire  the 
love  of  Holy  Scripture  and  of  sacred  art,  above  all,  in  the  young ,  and  our  humble  opinion  here  is 
corroborated  by  the  numerous  high  recommendations  prefixed  to  the  work."  Metropolitan. 

A  NEW  AND  BEAUTIFUL  POCKET  BIBLE. 

Tlit,  Holy  Bible,  translated  from  the  Latin  Vulgate,  diligently  compared  with  the 
Hebrew,  Greek,  and  other  editions,  in  divers  languages.  The  Old  Testament, 
first  published  by  the  English  College  at  Douay,  A.  D.  1609,  and  the  New  Testa- 
ment, first  published  by  the  English  College  at  Rheims,  A.  D.  1582.  With  an- 
notations, references,  and  an  historical  and  chronological  index 24mo,  sheep  75 

The  same,  roan,  $1 ;  roan,  gilt  edges,  1  25 turkey,  sup.  extra  2  50 

Cj=  This  is  a  new  stereotype  edition,  beautifully  printed  from  new  type,  cast  expressly  for  the 

purpose  ;  and  may  be  relied  on  as  the  handsomest  and  most  correct  edition  of  the  Sacred  Volume 

ever  presented  to  the  Catholics  of  the  United  States 
"A  pocket  edition  of  the  Holy  Bible  has  been  much  needed  in  our  country,  and  we  take  great 

pleasure  in  recommending  this  as  the  most  compact,  portable  and  cheap  edition  that  we  have  yet 

seen."  Metropolitan. 

The  Power  of  the  Pope  in  the  Middle  Ages;  or,  Historical  Researches  into  the 
Origin  of  the  Temporal  Sovereignty  of  the  Holy  See,  and  on  the  Constitutional 
Law  of  the  Middle  Ages  relative  to  the  Deposition  of  Sovereigns,  preceded  by 
an  Introduction  respecting  the  Honours  and  Temporal  Prerogatives  accorded 
to  Religion  and  its  Ministers  by  Ancient  Nations,  particularly  under  the  first 
Christian  Emperors.  By  M.  Gosselin,  Director  of  the  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice, 
Paris.  Translated  by  the  Rev.  Matthew  Kelly,  Professor  of  French  and  Belles- 

Lettres,  St.  Patrick's  College,  Maynooth 2  vols.,  8vo,  cloth  3  75 

"  Perhaps  no  work  could  be  more  opportunely  presented  to  the  English  and  American  public  thru 
this.  Thfi  temporal  power  of  the  Popes  during  the  Middle  Ages  has  been  so  intimately  blended  with 
the  public  law  and  acts  of  the  civilized  world,  as  to  form  an  inseparable  part  of  its  history  ;  and  EO 
student  of  either  the  period  referred  to,  or  of  that  of  the  present  time,  who  closes  his  books  without 
viewing,  through  a  correct  medium,  that  history,  from  Rome  as  the  stand-point  and  centre  of  influ- 
ences which  have  swayed  movements  of  the  most  vital  importance,  can  ever  appreciate  those  mo- 
mentous questions  upon  which  the  peace,  and,  it  may  be,  the  salvation  of  the  world,  has  so  often,  ai.4 
may  yet  again,  depend.  The  English  and  American  publishers,  therefore,  do  well  to  furnish  us  \vi  'i 
such  books.  It  is  the  duty,  and  let  it  be  the  care  of  all  Christians,  who  can  do  so,  to  disseminate 
them,  that  a  too  long  abused  public  may  be  set  right  upon  what  so  intimately  concerns  their  present 
and  their  everlasting  peace. '  Catholic  Weekly  Instructor. 

In  Press,  and  will  be  ready  early  in  1855. 
The  Prinuicy  of  the  Apostolic  See  Vindicated.    Fourth  Revised  Edition.    By  the 

M.  Rev.  Francis  Patrick  Kenrick,  D.  D.,  Archbishop  of  Baltimore 8vo,  cloth  1  50 

In  announcing  a  new  edition  of  this  highly  important  work,  which  is  universally  acknowledge  I 
the  best  vindication  of  the  Primacy,  and  the  most  triumphant  answer  to  the  entire  Protestant  state- 
ment ever  written  in  the  English  language,  the  publishers  deem  it  sufficient  to  state,  that  three  large 
editions  have  been  sold  in  a  few  years,  and  that  the  fourth  will  be  carefully  revised  and  enlarged. 


12 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  Catholic  Books, 

Tkt  Spawift,  or  Me  Quefit                       .:••  of  the  Tim.-<  <>r  t>u.-.  n  : 
Paul  repimrjorass,  Eaq.,  author  of  Sluutdy  Mafftiirt ;  with 
by  Rowee.    'JvoN  >.  gilt  becks 150 

The  publishers  have  the  pleasure  to  announce  that  this  work  has  already  met  with  aa  extensive 
sale,  and  has  been  received  with  universal  favor  by  the  press  and  the  pui.lie  through. 
Ia  England  It  has  been  most  favorably  received,  and  1s  Je.st.  ..the  statements  of  the 

Knglish  press,  to  become  a  standard  popular  work. 

T\t  learnt*  Dr.  BaowmoN,  (n  noticing  thi,  work,  says :  "The  work  itself  is  one  of  I 
as  an  historical  novel,  and  has  been  elaborated  with  great  care  and  pains,  by  n: 
advantageously  known  to  our  public,  and  from  whom  we  have 

received,  generally  commended  by  the  Catholic  press,  and  men  whose  literary  tast«-« 
we  are  bound  to  respect  have  pronounced  it  a  masterpiece  of  its  kind.    It  is  written  with  ability,  and 
is  certainly  a  very  Interesting  production." 

The  London  Catholic  Standard  says;  "  'The  Spa-wife'  is  t!  the  author  of  the  work 

•  Shandy  Magaire.'    It  is  an  historical  novel  of  the  time  and  reign  of  Queen  I 
the  character  of  that  great  enemy  of  Catholicity  in  the  most  masterly  manner.     I 
vigorous,  full  of  romantic  incident,  and  the  persecution  of  the  helpk*s.  unoffending  Cath<. 
with  a  pen  of  fire.     It  will  be  read  with  Interest,  and  we  have  no  Joi.M  mill  soon  become  a  popular 
and  standard  « 

The  London  Jfasa&Ior.  In  noticing  this  work,  says :  "  When  we  add  that  the  book  Is  from  the  same 
pen  as  -  Shandy  MagulrV  they  will  know  that  there  can  be  no  lack 
or  In  the  mode  of  handling  it." 

"In  this  work  there  an  socae  man  which  we  venture  to  say  are  unequalled,  since  the  days  of  Gerald 
Griffin,  by  any  Catholic  writer  of  a,  •  ->iat  noble  scene  in  the 

hiding  place  of  the  recusant.-'  Whlnstone  Bellow-where  Alice  Went  worth  meet,  with  a  disguised 

',;,....,..,,     ,.,„       ,    ::      ,.  in    I      .:    i,.|        I'..,     lr:»i:,,(i      ;    .«,  r     we   have 
not  seen  its  eqaal  la  many  a  day." 
"  The  book,  as  the  author  tolls  us  la  his  preface.  Is  •  neither  religions  nor  controversial,  but  a  plain 

'        :  ;  •     '  •      1.  •    -  •  I-  :.,,i',  ..,,„",..,.         U  I-  MMi.-i,  ,.....-,    !l,;,i,  '..:-.   ||.  w- 

ever.     It  Is  a  highly  entertaining  and  w.-!l-»riit.-u  tale.     We  heartily  reconmend  • 
reader*  a*  Instructive  aad  entertain  I. 

t.V.  •        :     .  .        ::.-..••....  ;     •    .       .:..::(.  ubllgasJaM   t..  !,nn   I.,    l.i.  JUHI  ,,  •  ,,,l,.:...| 

work."  flaayasnf  of  th • 

Tht  Jno  of  Verona.     An  IllrtoriraJ  Tal«  of  t! 
2  Yobu,  12  mo,  cli  •;'  2  00 

The  Publishers  feel  great  pleasure  in  announcing  the  unprecedented  sale  of  this  work,  and  Invite 
attention  to  the  following  brief  extract*  from  Notices  of  the  English  and  American  press,  as  the  very 


rised  that  the  •  •  i.is  extraordinary  work  In  an 

reserved  for  the  American  press.    Ai: 

T  .       •     ;     -  .       !        \   .  ,,....:••::  I.  -..,;•.    i     ,•••  i    t:    .t    •  ••;;••••    i;|... i,    tfi.-   Mgaltu  .   :,:.!.-,.•-,-..:% 

%.-!     ".r    -,••,,•,.•.  Of      >i  •:          .       ,          ,..•...„...,  I,  A     .-,.>.:.•:     --!'.,!„..,    !t,:lt    :, 

,ary  romance-  %  the  Imaglnatioi. 

a  writer  of  fiction.    The  '  Jew  of  Verona*  Cransocads  the  fluent  work» 


!  '-         -     '    .'  '  '  :•    .  '      '    .          •       }  •      '       •          . 

r     :  .  :    -.    •       '•       :•  :.      '        ;-.-•;.;.-.-.••. 


-,...,:..  .......^.^^//.^''l.rn^^M^^:;;',;;-:!?,1:1- 

hai  Ita    i  ::.•  fnrtatg  ai  rni  .-  u,  ,t  .li.tin^ji.i,.-.  11,,-  v>..-k 

i    sail  :.•••„:    .-.  SjM  ..:..  •  Of  «J  I   bSSJl    :.i..l   r^r—    ,.|   .  :'..-r    in    n  . 


thrilling,  captivating,  or  horrifying,  as  the  subjects  vary,  an<1  the  truth  Is  placed  before  the  mind  by 

the  poweWul  pencil  of  the  pain wr.    Shah ipeare  present  us  w 

Babette ;  indeed  the  whole  of  that  part  of  the  work  which  I  •.  dcvou-d  to  an  elucidation 

workings  of  the  secret  societies)  is  replete  with  fearful  interest."  London  Oath 

The  I>u>.lin  Tablet  r  of  Terona,  as  most  of  our  readers  are  aware,  is  a  roi.   . 

an  i:in«trion«  Italian  Jesuit,  Father  Bresciaui.    It  ha*  attracted  more  attention  than  an\ 
work  slneo  tat  /Vasassrt  8pt*i,  and  while  it  probably  equals  that  exquisite  story,  it  • 
la  the  ibierbiag  interest  of  Its  incidents.  ' 

"  This  Is  aa  eTOOOfllaglj  clever  historical  novel,  written  to  expose  the  designs,  operations,  and 
Iharacter*  of  the  Revolutionary  party  in  Italy  from  IHtfi  to  IMS*.     Every  Cat!.  i  it.  and 

M  discover  of  what  stuff  the  Mazzluf  party  really  are  made  of."  London  Lamp. 


"  The  facts  contained  ia  It  are  of  peculiar  Interest  just  now.  as  giving  an  insight  into  the  murderous 
ean  secret 
capacity 


•haracter  of  the  European  secret  societies,  whose  ramifications  in  America  are  showing  by  their 
of  their  capacity  for  evil.     As  a  tale.  It  cannot  fall  to  interest-  while  the  fact*  are 


ance  to  all  Catholics  of  these  times."  Catholic  Telegraph. 

"  With  a  skin  of  esjsablaatioa  which  proven  him  to  be  poateeaed  of  the  highest  order  of  talent,  the 
SMthor  has  so  intermingled  narration  with  dialogue,  description  of  scenery  with  the  portraiture  of 
••araeUr,  as  U  Invest  bis  work  with  all  the  charms  of  an  interesting  romance,  and  to  make  the 
•tataaisat  of  real  facts  seem  stranger  than  Dctlon.  We  earnestly  recommend  a  careful  perusal  of  this 
work  to  the  attention  of  oar  readers.-  Metropolitan. 

2  13 


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stitute its  peculiar  charm.  If  instead  of  the  trash  with  which  our  country  is  flooded  in  the  shape  of 
cheap  reading,  the  public  taste  would  turn  to  such  works  as  the  '  Catholic  Bride,'  we  might  soo;i 
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our  language,  and  a  '  precious  pearl'  among  the  '  treasures  of  American  Catholic  literature."  In  giv- 
ing us  these  interesting  letters  in  an  English  dress,  the  reverend  translator  has  adduJ  another  to  tho 
many  obligations  of  gratitude  which  the  American  Catholics  already  owe  him."  V.  S.  Oath.  Mag. 

The  Poor  Man's  Catechism ;  or,  The  Christian  Doctrine  Explained. 

12mo paper  19 flexible  cloth  25 cloth  extra      33 

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in  an  easy  and  familiar  style.  But  this  feature  of  the  book  does  not  prevent  it  from  being  equally 
adapted  to  all  classes  of  persons,  and  its  circulation  among  the  rich  and  the  poor,  the  learned  and 
the  unlearned,  as  an  excellent  exposition  of  the  Catholic  faith,  is  a  oroof  of  what  we  here  assert. 
The  present  edition  has  been  issued  in  a  very  good  style,  and  possesses,  Independently  of  its  intrinsic 
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held.  The  present  edition  is  sold  at  an  unusually  moderate  price."  U.  S.  Catholic  Magazine. 

The  Fallowing  of  Christ,  in  Four  Books,  by  Thomas  &  Kempis— to  vrliirh  are 
added  -Practical  Reflections,  and  a  Prayer  at  the  end  of  each  chapter ;  from  the 
French,  by  Rev.  J.  Jones. 

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worthy  of  patronage.  The  text  was  carefully  examined  by  a  reverend  gei;:',';;;uin,  e>.: .':. cully  qualified. 
The  printing  and  binding  are  in  a  style  of  neatness  corresponding  with  the  present  highly  improve.! 
state  of  the  art.  The  whole  is  comprised  in  a  neat  volume  of  about  55i)  pages,  aucl  may  justly  bo 
considered  the  neatest,  cheapest  and  most  convenient  edition  of  this  excellent  wo»-;t  that  has  ever 
been  issued  from  the  press  in  this  country.  It  is  to  be  hoped,  that  ti.ese  will  bo  s  . 'Jlcient  induce- 
ments for  all  to  supply  themselves  with  the  work,  pronounced  by  Fcntanelle  C.c  best  that  ever 
came  from  the  pen  of  man— the  Bible  being  of  divine  origin. 

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cloth,  gilt  edges 3S 

"  It  is  written  with  a  taste  and  ease  which  exhibits  indications  of  considerable  talent.  We  com- 
mend it  as  a  very  pleasant  and  agreeable  companion  for  one's  leisure  hours." 

National  Tntettigencer. 

"  This  is  oneof  the  most  beautiful  and  touching  stories  we  ever  read.  TVe  recomn-nd  it  confident1} 
to  our  readers."  Godey's  Lady's  Book. 

14 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  Catholic  Books, 

.-      /          '.        •         /••./•-;,'          ••.,„:•_  t!      I  -    ..MlM-lin.!,..^  IV.,,-.],.n.will, 

n  :  hart  5iu-T:,Ti  n<-tb    MMraM  ktto*  :  tegttf  U.-'AM.I  i-i,. ;.  ,  r 

T  'iir-.  •  the  i.ii-l     r.".      r    t!...  •   !.u   ,  ;.  to  iv.t    rpn  •   t!:-  BeripUin*-    i'r.  t.-tiin; 

evidence*  of  Cat  1>  ;  •.-.iutfliau* :  ;  ,.  <-l..ih      38 

We  have  here  collected  tot*  OM  volume  three  of  Ik*  tuort  nveful  eaeayi  that  could  be  coatul tc'l  with 
avlewtodbo 


"',V 

\ ,      L  ••  .    t,.  •.-,-',.* .-,- 
t     :"-Y:,  HM  >:'•    Wt 


pared  at  all  time*  with  the  necessary  armor  for  the)  defence  of  h 
which  treat  of  the  proaer  aee  of  the  fahto,  of  the  awaotittv  of  a  II 

>f  private  judgment,  this  holds  a  eoni 


i-: \  awvaaiami 


n*  to  commend  to  the  public  In  gene 
i»il  It  with  especial  gratlaeatioB,  a 


trmtU  of  an  Trith  Gentleman  in  Search  of  a  Beliffion,  by  Tho.v  Moon,  Es ; 

The  aarne  of  the  distinguished  author  mar  be  deemed  a  enrr  ,.f  this 

work,  which  he  has  dedicated  to  the  people  of  Ireland,  as  a  defence  of  the 
well  known  In  the  Catholic  world,  ee  combining  more  of  wit 
interest  of  narrative,  and  withal,  a  greater  Mere  of  learning,  than  most  controversial  works  of  the 

The  JKrfory  of  the  Reformation  in  AW'tirf  and  I 

impoverished  the  main  body  <•) 
. 

C7  The  second  Talame  coo  taint  a  llrt  of  the  priories,  annnertes,  abbeye.  heoaitals.  and  other  re- 
llgtone  foundations  alaisd  on,  or  alienated,  by  the  ••  Protestant  Kef  igus  and  Par- 

"  Though  the  Reformation  was  vary  tragical  In  its  consequences.  Its  pretension*,  as  an  i- 
•Mat  Of  religion,  have  justly  been  oonsldered  In  the  llghtof  a  oomerfr.    Esperially  In  Kmclaad  does 

•-•...-•         -  .        .••-.. •:.:••         -•  ,r>        •    i  '•       '."•'     it,    !  .-    ,:,,i;,,t.    pe*     -r. 

matter-of-fact  style,  has  inrested  it  with  a  degree  of  Interest  which  it  would  not  possess  In  a  graver 
and  more  polUaed  form.    As  he  relates  met*  which  the  best  hi.torlans  confirm,  nbMatemenu  »UI 

be  received  as  authoritative.    The  present  edition 

offered  at  a  very  asoderate  price,  eireumstances  which,  la  addition  to  its  Intrinsic  worth,  injure  it  a 
-..I-,,.:,,-..,....      ...-.,.  L:  S.  CatkMc  Magazine 

Oaud  Aloytiut,  by  the  Rev.  !  ilully 

ti      25 

Thf  Letter  of  ArettbUhap  Huohtj  on  tkt  Jfcdtat- Uneech  of  fl  i-  Caw 

on  religion*  freedom  abroad— L. 

Caas,  and  in  salf vindfca;  -\...  paper    12 

Sach  as  may  deslrv  to  p<wsess  the  views  of  these  dtetiagmlshed  men,  on  this  Important  subject,  for 

!...-,-..  ,.rf.;,r.:  ;-'.:,:;.,.     5    ^  «  •  •::  t..  o,-ir..  ,!.  „,  .Ultl.i.^. 

The  LHOt  Trjtament  of  our  Lord  Jena  CArurf,  or  an  Admonition,  Aspiration.  nn<l 
Practice  for  each  ;    r         gt..  edges      10 

Thf  Little  Testament  of  the  Illy  FIryin,  translated  from  the  French,  revised 

by  a  Clergyman. paper    6 glltedgea      10 

The  two  bound  in  one,  paper,  gilt  edges,  18%. 


15 


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U.  S.  Catholic  Magazine  and  Monthly  Review.  Each  volume  contains  nearly  750 
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astical history  of  the  United  States,  instructive  tales,  poetry.  &c.  &c.,  illus- 
trated with  fine  steel  engravings,  music,  &c.,  forming  a  complete  Catholic 
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Esq 12mo,  cloth      75 

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persecutors  how  vain  and  impotent  must  always  be  the  efforts  of  those  who  "  are  found  even  to  fight 
against  God." 

"  This  is  a  very  pretty  and  interesting  Catholic  story,  not  at  all  wanting  in  talent  or  scenic  effect.  It 
portrays  the  persecutions  inflicted  on  Catholics  in  England  at,  that  period.  The  Catholic  priest,  the 
Catholic  family,  and  the  concomitants  of  its  associations  and  persecutions,  are  drawn  with  a  good 
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commend.  We  hope  the  author  may  be  encouraged  by  an  extensive  sale."  Freeman's  Journal. 


MUSIC   BOOKS. 

Peters's  Catholic  Harmonist.  A  Collection  of  Sacred  Music  appropriate  for  Morn- 
ing and  Evening  Services;  consisting  of  Motetts,  Masses,  Hymns,  Chants, 
&c.,  suitable  to  the  Principal  Festivals  throughout  the  year :  composed,  se- 
lected, and  arranged  for  the  use  of  small  choirs,  with  a  separate  accompani- 
ment for  the  Organ  and  Piano-forte.  By  W.  C.  Peters 8vo  1  50 

The  attention  of  the  reverend  clergy,  the  leaders  of  choirs,  and  the  Catholics  of  the  United  States, 
Is  respectfully  solicited  to  this  work,  which  has  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Peters  with  the  greatest  care, 
with  the  view  to  its  adaptation  to  the  service  of  the  Church  on  various  occasions.  The  author's  ex- 
perience as  a  professor,  composer,  and  extensive  publisher  of  music  for  a  series  of  years,  has  af- 
forded him  peculiar  advantages  in  preparing  a  work  better  suited  to  the  wants  of  the  Church  in  this 
country  than  any  hitherto  offered  to  the  public. 

Peters's  Young  Catholic's  Vocal  Class-BooJs.     Part  I.    Designed  for  the  use  of 

churches,  schools,  and  associations small  8vo,  cloth      75 

"  We  are  glad  to  see  this  effort  to  provide  our  Catholic  schools  with  a  compendium  on  vocal  music 
and  a  proper  selection  of  pieces  for  devotional  purposes.  The  lessons  in  this  work,  on  the  elements 
of  vocal  music,  are  as  clear  as  the  nature  of  the  subject  will  admit.  The  Messrs.  Peters  deserve  much 
credit  for  their  useful  contributions  to  Catholic  church-music,  and  we  hope  they  will  be  amply  en- 
couraged by  a  discerning  public."  Metropolitan. 

Walter's  Music  Book. — Ancient  and  Modern  Music,  selected  for  the  use  of  the 
Catholic  Church,  consisting  of  Litanies,  Masses,  Vespers,  Kesponses,  Anthems, 
and  Choruses  for  the  Seasons,  Festivals,  and  other  occasions,  arranged  with  an 
accompaniment  for  the  organ  or  piano-forte.  By  Jacob  AY  alter.  ISew  Edition.  4  00 

Dielman's  Mass,  for  Three  Voices,  with  an  accompaniment  for  the  organ 1  50 

"  We  are  much  pleased  to  announce  the  appearance  of  this  composition  from  the  pen  of  Henry 
Dielman,  Musical  Doctor,  a  gentleman  endowed  with  the  highest  order  of  genius  in  his  particular 
sphere,  and  possessing  rare  accomplishments  as  an  artist.  Few  of  Professor  Dielman's  compositions 
have  as  yet  been  published,  and  it  will  therefore  be  gratifying  to  the  lovers  of  the  art,  and  to  the 
friends  of  sacred  song  in  particular,  to  learn  that  our  musical  literature  has  been  enriched  by  a  mass 
from  so  gifted  a  composer.  It  is  in  the  key  of  F ;  is  designed  for  three  voices,  a  soprano,  alto,  and 
bass  ;  is  of  very  moderate  length,  and  combines  simplicity  of  notation  with  beauty  of  melody  ;  so  that 
it  is  adapted  to  any  choir.  A  Veni  Creator  has  been  included  in  the  work,  with  an  organ  accom- 
paniment for  the  whole  chant.  A  mass  of  this  description  was  a  great  desideratum  among  us,  for 
there  are  very  few  indeed  which  unite  all  the  above-mentioned  characteristics.  The  mass  before  us, 
though  intended  chiefly  for  choirg  of  modest  pretensions,  which  are  by  far  the  most  numerous,  will 
be  very  acceptable  in  a  higher  sphere  ;  for,  while  the  whole  composition  evinces  beauty,  originality, 
and  the  German  solidity  of  thought,  there  are  some  passages  in  it  worthy  of  a  Haydn,  a  Mozart,  or 
a  Beethoven."  Metropolitan. 

Ptters's  Mass,  for  Three  Voices,  with  an  accompaniment  for  the  organ,  to  which 

is  added  the  Magnificat 4to  2  00 

CATHOLIC  MUSIC,  at  publishers'  prices. 


16 


BOOKS    FOR    THE    REV.    CLERGY. 

••Mpiuiiini*  habita  ab  anno  189  u«,ue  ad  annum  1  •  h  2  00 

CmriMana  Ptt*arium  totitu  Ameriem  Stftmtritmflit  Faderat,< 
(to  c«rre*pond  with  former  •  r      38 


Prminci.iU  VI,  hubituui  anno  1  to  correspond  « 


r      •    •  -...     ..nrr.  each       -5 

Dtfreta  CoMctfiorwi*  Prorinrialivm  et  Plenarti  Baltimorensium,  pro  major!  ( 

.     -.      ;•;•:•-••. '  .   ..     .••••••,•        ,.-,      M 

Oemp<nJi*m  KitualU  Homani,  ad  uinm  Dt«oe*nm  Provinces  Baltimon  .i  Pro- 

The  tame roan,  gilt  edge*  IjO rra  '2  60 

Srferpta  tj  Rituati  Samano  pro  administration*  Sacramentonim,  ad  commodlorem  nt.'. 

tioBariornm.  ii. 

and  ptunyrt  for  Ue  Admlnittration  • 

•MlOanMBO    A  new,  enlarged  edition,  elegantly  printed  in  red  and  bUc^. 

man,  gilt  edge*. 

'•  Thi»  U  a  new  .  litlon  of  the  mall  Ritual  which  wa*pubUahed  wveral  year*  ago.  in  virtue  of  a  de- 
cree to  that  effect  of  the  M  Provincial  OiMuU  of  Baltimore.     The  principal  tmprovetu. 
hare  noticed  In  thi«  edition  U  It*  containing  la  English,  French,  and  German  tboee  PMMMI  li 


I*  Urge  and  clear. 


Up*  U  Urge 

.      •     • 


M       -    H    II    •    ,--•:-     "      '     I 

where  U  had  bem  p«bU»he4, 

.!    ;     ft*   Y..    ..     1,^    ..    !',    . 


M  •••pun  that  H  ha4  anajnnil  from 'one  of  ti 

OlM*.     It  U  a  beautifully  executed  volume."     Catkvlic  Mirror. 

T-        •  r,     ,,,.--.;..  -.,...  ,-,  ,....,.,..,_.  ,      V|,  ,          ,.,.,,. 

lUhtiil  hj  nrrtrr  nf  the  Flrrt  nmatH  nf  n>M»en  Tilh  the  afiprnhatlea  *f  tho  Ilnlr  Clra     To 

;       •:.-.—...       :.:•>.-...  : ...  -       i    .:.;..,:•  •.  .     •! I.,;,,,    .  '  .• ;,    1    fxt 

The  aame. . . .  :..th.  gilt  edge*  and  side*  1  M 


I  of  Ctfmmenltt.  for  the  o*c  of  the  f^lhail*  Chmrehe*  la  the  United  Bute*  of  America. 
PuUUhed  by  order  of  the  Pirat  Council  of  Baltimore,  with  the  approbation  of  the  I! 

l^mo.  cloth 

to  onr  tteek  of  Catholic  book*  came  from  the 


The  Buna  Pilot  aays :  ••  The 

rrr«,  of  Murphy.  ,.f  Baltimore.     It  i.  i 
for  everybody  know*  that  they  are.    Any  bom*e  mlgt 
«  U  an  eUborate  work.  ptiblUhed  by  erdei 

r.  -  :•  •. .-  :,M  ir! 


eoktoall  p» 
It  wai  poblUked  by  order  of  the  C«UBCU  ;  it  (•  Ucrwfbre  »lai>  I 

HAN  I  «»AU,   BKIYIABtd,   AC.  *C. 

MCBTIT  *  Co.  h.Te  the  ptesmre  of  a.oouoeln«  that  they  batre  been  appointed  by  Mr.  H **icq.  of 
,  agenU  lor  the  «aJe  of  hl»erf*Vo/*a  ««*ric«-'««l^4l<rt<m4  of  the  following  works  in  th 

V  »  l*rge  tapply  oomjtuiUj  OB  hand,  which  they  are  prepared  to  supply  in  various 
>  and  reCaU,  at  r«ry  low  ^rio««. 


with  »!l  the 


I  4  TOU.  Stmo.  with  all  U: 
,  from  »5  to  tJO,  according  to  rite  and  .tylc  of  binding. 

>  i  Totum »  Remanum.  18mo.    A  new  and  beautiful  edition.    1853.   §2  T5 


•  r-<j  ' 

CfeUfcro/crf 

Jf  <  r  A  {  I  U 


-Panli  V.  PontiftcU  M.ximl  J.i".i  Editam  Ataae  a  Fcllri*  Rr 

3    a. 


!•»  Parochit  ad  admiuixtratioucm  Sacra- 
nut  i 

.. black  roai  1  00 turkey,  marbled  ed««  1  dlt  edge*  1  50 

At  the  iBotaace  of  Mrcral  of  the  Prelate*  of  the  late  Xatl  .  0*  have  made 

an  arramrement  with  v 


t  supply  of  the  -'KIT! 
on  fine  paper,  from  a  clear,  bold  type,  in  red  and  black  ; 


i*  printed  on  fine  paper,  from  a  cle 

•rvera 

thai  erery  church  b«  furnUhed  with  a  copy,  which  the  American  publisher*  arc  prepared  to  ..ipply  at  a 

rery  lew  price.  The  aUei*i»chMmtwioa«rte*  might,  without  InconTenlence,  carrr  on  their  miuioni. 

(D»  OoMtaatly  OB  hand,  a  Urn  wpply  of   THBOUMICAL  aad  DETOTIOSIAI.  BOOM  ;  alao  ALTA» 
CAKM,  Piom  8owxcn,  MIDAL*.  RO*AKIU,  Ac. 

07  r<n-€lf*  Boot*  imported  fe  order,  mt  tkort  notice,  on  Ou 


*  Go.,  Publisher  i,  178  Market  ttreet,  Baltimore 

17 


PRAYER,    BOOKS, 

PUBLISHED   BY  MURPHY  &  CO. 

With  the  Approbation  of  the  Most  Rev.  the  Archbishop  of  Baltimore. 

THE  Publishers  beg  to  call  attention  to  their  STANDARD  PRAYER  BOOKS,  as  com- 
bining a  degree  of  unsurpassed  ELEGANCE,  ACCURACY,  and  CHEAPNESS,  both  as  regards 
Paper,  Printing,  Illustrations,  and  Binding.  They  may  be  had  in  every  variety  of  plain 
and  elegant  bindings,  at  prices  varying  from  \1%  cents  to  $10  per  copy. 

j(jgp  They  also  have  the  pleasure  to  announce  to  the  Catholics  of  the  U.  States,  that 
they  have,  at  great  expense,  succeeded  in  having  prepared 

A   STANDARD  CATHOLIC   PRAYER   BOOK,   ENTITLED 
SAINT   VINCENT'S    MANU AXi, 

Which  has  been  recommended  for  general  use  by  the  Most  Rev.  Archbishop  of  Baltimore, 
and  the   Right  Rev.  Bishops  of  the  United  States,  who  composed  the  Seventh  Provincial 
Council,  held  in  May,  1849,  and  the  National  Council,  in  May,  1852,  as  being  the  MOST  COM- 
PLETE, COMPREHENSIVE,  and  ACCURATE  CATHOLIC  PRAYER  BOOK  published  in  this  country. 
The  Rt.  Rev.  Bishops  of  Montreal  and  Toronto,  Canada,  have  kindly  extended  their 
approbation  to,  and  recommended  the  use  of  this  Book,  in  their  respective  diocesses. 
St.  Vincent's  Manual,  containing  a  Selection  of  Prayers  and  Devotional  Exercises,  originally 
prepared  for  the  use  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity  in  the  United  States,  with  the  approbation 
of  the  Superiors.    25th  edition,  revised,  enlarged,  and  adapted  to  general  use.     Illustrated 
with  elegant  Steel  Engravings,  an  Illuminated  Title,  Presentation  Plate,  &c. 

Neatly  bound  in sheep      75    The  same roan,  gilt  edges  1  50 

The  same black  roan  1  00  "        imit.  turkey,  gilt  edges  2  00 

Another  Edition,  on  SUPERFINE  PAPER,  with  Marginal  Lines,  &c.,  in  superb  bindings. 
The  same.... turkey,  super  extra,  8  fine  plates,  &c.  2  50    The  same,  rich  velvet,  paper  cases.. .  5  00 

....     "  "  ill.  sides 300  "  "  "          clasps  6  00 

"        "  "  clasps 350  "  "  medal,  inlaid...  8  00 

"        elegantly  bound  in  velvet  extra,  with  clasps,  &c.,  fine  mor.  cases  10  00 

"        "  "  paper  cases  9  00 

Some  new  Styles  in  elegant  French  Bindings,  with  beautiful  Ornaments, 
suitable  for  Keepsakes,  Holiday,  and  Bridal  presents,  constantly  on  hand. 

A  CHEAP  EDITION  OF  ST.  VINCENT'S  MANUAL. 

The  cheapest  and  most  complete  Prayer  Book  published  in  the  U.  S.  A  complete  Ency 
clopedite  of  Catholic  Devotions,  comprised  in  a  24mo  volume  of  nearly  800  pages,  REDUCED 

TO   FIFTY  CENTS   PER   COPY. 

The  ptiblishers  of  this  Standard  Prayer  Book,  duly  appreciating  the  DISTINGUISHED  FAVOR 
of  the  RT.  REV.  BISHOPS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  in  recommending 
this  Book  for  general  use,  and  with  a  view  of  carrying  out  more  effectually  their  desire 
of  bringing  it  within  the  reach  of  all  classes,  and  giving  it  a  circulation  commensurate  with 
its  merits,  have  issued  an  edition  at  the  exceedingly  low  price  of  50  cents  per  copy — thus 
rendering  it  the  cheapest,  as  it  is  unquestionably  the  best,  Catholic  Prayer  Book  pulilinhal. 

St.  Vincent's  Manual 24mo,  sheep      50    The  same arabesque,  gilt  edges  1  50 

The  same roan      75  "        turkey,  super  extra  2  25 

"          roan,  gilt  edges  1  25  "        turk.,  sup.  ex.,  ill.  sides  2  50 

"          roan,  gilt  clasps  1  50  "        turkey,  sup.  ex.,  clasps  3  00 

"          imitation,  gilt  edges  1  50         velvet  &  other  fine  styles — various  prices. 

Gems  of  Devotion,  a  Selection  of  Prayers  for  Catholics. 

"  "        336  pages,  48mo,  cloth  18    The  same imit.  turkey,  gilt  edges      50 

"        roan  25  "        turkey,  gilt  edges      75 

"        cloth,  gilt  edges  31  "        turkey,  sup.  ex.  1  00 

"        roan,  gilt  edges  38  "        turkey,  sup.  ex.  ill.  sides  1  25 

This  small,  but  comprehensive  Prayer  Book,  is  universally  considered  the  cheapest  and  lest  selec- 
tion in  the  English  language. 

"  Among  the  infinite  variety  of  Prayer  Books  that  have  been  published  to  suit  the  differences  of 
spiritual  taste,  we  thought  that  the  art  of  combining  prayers  and  devotions  was  well  nigh,  if  not 
completely,  exhausted.  The  book  before  us,  however,  is  a  proof  that  we  were  mistaken.  It  exhibits 
in  some  respects  a  new  collection,  or  at  least  a  new  arrangement  of  prayers,  which  will  be  found  to 
answer  most,  if  not  all,  the  purposes  of  devotion.  It  is  very  neatly  printed."  U.  S.  Catholic  Mag. 


19 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  Catholic  Prayer  Books, 


Guide  to  BtHfmt ;  or,  a  M:i- 
The    target!   and   tl,  -inn    publi*  Mition  to  the 

usual  contents,  the  Bona    '• 

Erplanati**  o/ the  Mn*».  dr.     T>.  .  d  in  a 

neat  33mo  volume  of  3S4  pages, printed  on  fine  par*r,  illustrated  with  tine  Engravings,  JLe. 

plmin  sheep      25    The  same turk..  cup.  ex..  ill.  sides  S  00 

r,  rwin     M          "         tm 

-It  edge.      50  "          i 

:  edges  1  25  elcpantly  I 

•  urk.,  .up.  ex.,  gilt  edge*  1  50          "         <•  • 

.'  legantly  bound  in  velvet  extra,  *  iih  i. 

"  This  book,  both  in  iu  eontenu  and  the  *lvle  in  which  it  i.  finished,  wants  nothing  to  - 
a  quick  tale,  a.  It  to  uaoaestioaably  the  be*t  we  hare  ever  seen."  Catholic  Herald, 

CkUd"»  Prayer  and  Jtymn  Book,  for  the  use  of  Catholic  Sunday-schools.  25th  edition, 
greatly  enlarged  and  improved.  256  pages,  illustraU-d  with  .V.  Engravings.  This  little 
work,  compiled  by  as  eminent  clergyman,  contains  Morning  and  Evening  Prayers, 
short  Prayers  at  Mass,  Instructions  and  Devotion*  for  Confession,  Communion  and 
Confirmation ;  also,  the  rasper*,  and  a  svftaMe  collection  of  Piotu  Hymns,  Benrdic- 
tion  o/tke  B.  Sacrament,  and  Me  JfesjxmMS  be/on  and  during  High  Jfcus,  «4  to 

cloth      19 

The  same <«th.  gilt  edges  38    The  same roan,  extra  gilt  edges      M 

Tteea«.^e«laad»cs(boekp«bllslMdlarUeaseer  children. 

••  We  are  aconatated  with  no  bortt  of  the  kind  «>  w*n  adapted  to  the  use  ef  ehHdren.  whether  la 
the  Braday-eeUel,  or  ••  other  eceasloai :  and  the  extraordinary  cheapness  of  the  volume  U  an  ad- 
ditloaal  BiasKsratlsa  to  isspsiking  for  it  a  wide  ctrcttlaUoo."  i'.  S.  OriuKc  Magazine. 

Daily  JEJewwe;  a  Beat  little  Bliniatnre  Prayer  Book,  consisting  of  the  Holy  Mass 
and  Vespers,  with  Morning  aad  Evening  Prayers.  To  which  are  added  a  selection  of 
Hymns,  Prayers  for  Confession,  Communion,  *c.  Enlarged  and  improved,  48mo,  cloth  13 

Thesaaae ...bewp  1*  roan,  (rl)t  edges  M 

••        ...  roan,  gilt  sldeSi  « 

TM<  hlthlr  pnp.iUr  little  i 
every  tUaV<M«**U7  ter  the . 
The   Chapel   Companion,  containing   Pious   Devotions   at    Mast,   Morning   and    Evening 
Prayers,  the  Litanies,  Vespers  for  S.ndaya.  4c..  to  whieh  are  added  • 
lion' o/O*  Btemtd  Sacrament,  fietjMNMes  be/on  and  during  High  Jf,««,  tet  to  Muiic. 

..STmo,  sheep  »    Thesame  roan,  gilt  edges     60 

turlc. 


.turkey,  sap.  ex.,  gilt  edges  75 


This  little  book  Is  universally  esteevaed,  as  containing  the  best  explanations  of  the  Pravers  and 
IVvotlon.  at  Ma*.,  in  toe  tno«t  eonpendioos  tarn,  together  with  the  u.ual  devotion 
prayers.    The  type  being  large  sad  clear,  renders  it  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  want*  of  old  people. 

1RAYER  B<> 

Mo**al  drl  CMoHn  Ameritnno.    (A  New  Spanish  Catholic  Prayer  Book.)    T  adornado 
COB  lamina,  finas.    8« dedica  al  Bello  Sexo  de  las  Republics*  Amcricanas.    Su| 
32mo,  illustrated  with  fine  Engravings,  is  various  bindings  .  '.-  -m  $1  to  8  00 

El  Kfcro  els  Jfisasts  IM  A'tno..  (a  new  Miniature  Prayer  Book  for  Children.)    Illustrated 

neat  and  appropriate  Engravings from  25  to  50 

FK!  I   BOOKS.- A  choice  collection  in  every  variety 

of  Plain  and  Fancy  Bindings,  constantly  on  hand. 


STAWBARB  SCHOOXi  BOOKS, 

Published  by  MURPHY  &  Co.;  178  Market  St.,  Baltimore. 
KEKNEY'S  POPULAE  SCHOOL  BOOKS. 

IN  calling  public  attention  to  the  following  works  by  Mr.  KERNEY,  the  publishers  deem  it 
unnecessary  to  enlarge  on  their  respective  merits.  The  author's  experience  as  a  teacher  for  a 
number  of  years,  enabled  him  to  acquire  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  wants  of  pupils  in  pur- 
suing the  different  branches  of  learning.  The  very  liberal  patronage  extended  to  them,  and 
the  favor  with  which  they  have  been  received,  especially  by  many  practical  Tea.chers,  and  their 
immediate  introduction  into  several  of  the  principal  institutions  of  learning  in  the  country, 
is  the  best  evidence  of  their  practical  utility. 

A  liberal  discount  to  Booksellers,  Teachers,  &c.,  when  purchased  in  quantities. 

A  Compendium  of  Ancient  and  Modern  History,  with  QUESTIONS, 

adapted  to  the  use  of  Schools  and  Academies ;  also  an  APPENDIX,  containing  the  De- 
claration of  Independence,  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  a  Biographical 
Sketch  of  Eminent  Personages,  with  a  Chronological  Table  of  Remarkable  Events, 
Discoveries,  Improvements,  etc.,  from  the  Creation  to  the  year  1850.  By  M.  J. 
KERNEY,  A.  M.  Tenth  revised  Edition 12mo,  hf.  arabesque  75 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

The  Compendium  of  History,  by  M.  J.  Kerney,  has  been  in  my  possession  several  months,  and, 
after  a  careful  reading,  I  believe  it  to  be  a  very  useful  book  in  the  department  of  study  to  which  it 
belongs.  I  take  pleasure  in  recommending  it  to  teachers. 

J.  N.  M'JILTON,  Chairman  Central  High  School  of  Baltimore. 

I  have  carefully  examined  "  Kerney'  s  Compendium  of  History,"  and  "  Kerney's  Abridgment  of 
Murray's  Emjlish  Grammar."  I  have  the  pleasure  to  inform  you  that  they  have  both  been  intro- 
duced into  the  Public  Schools  in  our  city.  I  take  great  pleasure  in  recommending  them  to  the  atten- 
tion of  Teachers.  J.  P.  CALLAN,  Trustee  Public  School  2d.,Washington,  D.C. 

"  Kerney' s  Compendium  of  History"  condenses  much  matter  in  a  small  compass  ;  and,  as  a  school 
book,  is  calculated  to  interest  and  please  the  student;  while  it  makes  him  master  of  the  principal 
and  most  important  facts  of  Ancient  .and  Modern  History.  To  speak  of  its  merits  comparatively,  I 
think  it,  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  of  its  kind  within  my  knowledge.  JOS.  H.  CLARK,  A.  M. 

Having  carefully  perused  the  "  Compendium  of  Ancient  and  Modern  History,"  by  M.  J.  Kerney, 
I  feel  no  hesitation  in  stating  it  to  be,  in  my  opinion,  one  of  the  best  arranged  works  for  the  use  of 
schools  and  academies  that  I  have  seen.  JAMES  SHANLEY,  59  Conway  street,  Bait. 

EXTRACTS  PROM  NOTICES  OF  THE  PRESS. 

"  Our  leisure  has  not  served  us  to  enter  into  a  very  critical  examination  of  Mr.  Kerney's  volume  : 
we  have  looked  through  it  with  some  attention,  and  must  confess  that  we  have  been  favorably  im- 
pressed with  its  merits.  In  the  History,  more  especially,  where  it  is  impossible  to  avoid  the  relation 
of  facts  touching  various  religious  creeds,  the  compiler  seems  to  have  scrupulously  refrained  from 
any  remark  that  could  arouse  sectarian  prejudice — a  fault  in  which  too  many  of  those  who  have 
given  their  labors  to  the  compilation  of  school  histories  have  been  prone  to  indulge." 

National  Intelligencer. 

"  This  very  useful  work  was  compiled  for  the  use  of  schools  and  academies,  and  fully  meets  the 
wants  it  was  intended  to  supply  ;  we  therefore  shall  not  only  adopt  it  in  the  schools  under  our  own 
care,  but  recommend  it  as  much  as  we  can  to  others."  Pittsburg  Catholic. 

"  We  confess  ourselves  well  pleased  with  this  volume,  and  believe  it  is  destined  to  find  favor  in  the 

r'  ere  for  which  the  author  has  designed  it.  Its  style  is  didactic  and  terse,  and  while  agreeable  to 
cultivated  intellect,  is  adapted  to  the  humblest  comprehension.  There  is  one  characteristic  of 
the  work  which  pleases  us  above  all  others,  and  that  is  the  studied  care  with  which  the  author 
avoids  all  allusions  and  comments  that  might  be  in  the  slightest  degree  wounding  to  the  religious 
sensibilities  of  members  of  any  creed.  This  is  a  great  desideratum  in  books  designed  for  schools,  as 
the  evil  of  sectarianism,  so  manifest  in  most  of  our  elementary  class  books,  has  been  long  and 
loudly  complained  of.  We  cannot  but  hope  that  this  work  will  be  acceptable  to  our  citizens,  because 
of  its  fitness  for  the  objects  for  which  the  author  designed  it,  because  of  its  impartial  character,  and 
because  it  is  the  production  of  a  worthy  and  intelligent  member  of  our  own  community." 

U.  S.  Catholic  Magazine. 

"  It  is  a  work  containing  much  useful  information,  and,  as  a  school  book,  and  for  general  historical 
reference,  it  will  be  found  invaluable."  Baltimore  American. 

"  A  cursory  examination  of  this  volume  has  led  us  to  form  a  very  favorable  opinion  of  its  merits  as 
a  school  book."  Catholic  Herald. 

"  We  noticed  some  months  ago  the  first  edition  of  this  work,  and  are  much  gratified  to  find,  from 
the  speedy  appearance  of  the  second,  that  our  anticipations  of  its  complete  success  were  not  vain. 
We  not  only  cheerfully,  but  earnestly  recommend  it  to  the  favorable  notice  of  tutors  and  directors  of 
gchools  and  academies."  St.  Louis  News-Letter. 

"  As  an  elementary  treatise,  this  work  will,  we  should  suppose,  be,  and  deservedly  so,  a  favorite  in 
our  schools.  The  appendix  of  biographical  notices  of  prominent  individuals  is  an  original  and  de- 
sirable addition  to  the  book."  iMtheran  Observer. 

"  It  fills  a  place  long  vacant  in  our  school  books.  Its  style  is  good,  plain,  and  easy  ;  it  is  well  con- 
densed, and  the  narrative  correct  and  justly  sustained."  Fred.  Exam. 

"  Mr.  Kerney  has  done  good  service  to  the  cause  of  education  and  general  intelligence  in  preparing 
this  valuable  work."  Odd  Fellows'  Mirror. 

23 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  School  Books. 

The  First  Class  It  ••>!  for  ]>uj>ils  commencing 

the  Study  of  History  :  » it  I.  •  J  ,  and  School*. 

By  M.  J.  KEKXKV.  .25 

t  request  of  many  who  used  the  author's  Compendium 

M  above  work.  It  I*  ehicfly  designed  for  pupil*  about  to  enter  upon  a  cour*. 
In  the  arrangement  of  the  work,  and  in  the  general  matter  of  content* .  th- 
is* course  which  hi*  long  experience  In  teaching  ha*  pointed  out  as  the  best  to  faclll- 

t  oT  the  pcpU  IM  aeeulrlac  a  knowledge  of  history. 
A*  the  history  of  oar  own  country  poasesee*  peculiar  attractions,  be  has  placed  the  history  of  the 
United  State*  first  in  the  order  ef  arrangement,  so  that  it  may  flrst  claim  the  attention  of  the 
young.    This  b  succeeded  by  an  interesting  account  of  the  most  Important  events  in  the  history  of 
England.  Franoe,  Ireland,  and  Italy,  together  with  an   inu-rvstiug  view  of  the  Middle  Ages,  the 


The  work  is  embelliihed  with  a  number  of  Engraving*,  and  has  questions  at  the  bottom  of  e«ch 
page  to  facilitate  the  labor  both  of  the  teacher  aod  pupils.  V 

History  of  tl  with  a  Chronological 

Table  of  American  History,  from  iU  Discovery  i:> 
with  Engraving*.    R,ri~da*<lmtar<,r,l  t 


•  merits  of  this  little  History  are  to  bo  to«ad  in  the  accuracy  of  Its  details,  and  in  the 
adaptation  of  lu  style  and  arrangement  to  the  capacity  of  that  class  of  learners  for  which  it  was 
•*«%•>*.  The  favor  tt  has  boesi  received  with,  and  its  extensive  circulation,  are  the  beat  comments 
on  its  merits— nearly  15.000  copies  having  been  dUpOM*  of  within  two  yean.  The  present  edition 
has  been  carefully  revl»ed  and  enlarged ;  and  In  order  to  render  the  work  more  attractive,  a  num- 
ber of  appropriate  and  Instmctive  engravings  hare  been  Introduced.  Tbeso  Improvements  add 
much  I*  Its  merits,  and  render  it  far  superior  to  any  work  of  the  kind  now  before  the  public. 
••  This  ls  likely  to  {trove  a  popular  book  lor  primary  hUtory  classes  In  our  schools.  It  Is  well  ar- 


••  This  little  work  U  woD  oatertatod  to  (Ire  the  learner  a  succinct  knowledge  of  the  leading  events  In 
the  history  of  the  American  Republic,  from  its  first  discovery  down  to  the  present  rear.    It  Is  adml- 

'••'    •    ...;•-!•      ••••    •-  •'  -••••    '    ' 


rably  adapted  for  the  am  of  adtoela." 

A  Catechism  of  Scripture  History,  compiled  1  is  of  Mercy 

tor  the  OM  of  the  children  attending  their  school*.    .Revised  and  corrected 
merican.  from  • ' 


,  A.  M.    Second  American,  from  the  last  London  Edition  . .  h      50 

"  The  preface  to  this  work  In  form  i  as  that  tt  was  originally  compiled   for  the  use  of  the  pupils 
srttonding  the  schools  of  the  Sitters  of  Mercy  In  the  city  of  Limerick.  Ireland.    It  has  been 
by  Mr.  M.  J.  Kerney,  tad  a  valuable  appendix  added,  containing  some  pages  of  extracts  from  the 
prophets,  with  the  evidence  from  the  New  Teotament  of  the  fulfilment  of  the  pn 
placed  in  juxtaposition  with   the  prophetic  sentences.    It  is  an  admirable  book  lor  schools,  and  csl- 
ewlated  to  give  a  mr  more  rivid  and  lasting  knowledge  of  sacred  history  than  could  b*  obtained  from 
year*  of  desultory  and  mechanical  •  Blbta-readiag.1  "  Mr**  flaManW. 

'•  This  excellent  work  U  BOW  used  In  nearly  all  Catholic  Institutions  throughout  England  and  Ire- 

:  .     .        .        ,      ........  ,:.  ...     ,.-.,.;;      .,      ....,,... 

••  The  object  of  the  Catecaism.  according  to  the  preface  'to  to  render  children  early  acquainted 
with  th«  trwthr.1  and  Interesting  erenu  recorde/la  the  .acred  Scriptures;  to  familiarise  them 
«ith  the  prophecies  relatiag  to  the  coming  of  the  Messiah,  aod  lead  them  to  regard  the  Old  Testa- 
meot  as  a  figure  and  a  foreshadowing  of  the  New.' 

••  The  present  edition  ha*  bora  much  improved,  the  ayertJoBe  to  the  answer*  being-  made  more 
eoncise,  so  aa  to  admit  of  tfceir  betnc  eaTlly  eonualttod  to  ssemory.  An  appendix  has  al*o  been 

-  '     ..        •-•,•-•-•          r  '       -•:.•..•-       -.,-'.  r:    ..-!..-.  t   :!••    h r 

•     •      -      •  .      -•-.     i       .     •     .     .         ;..•:.-.•.!•       ',...-,••,       ,.         -,;... 

-.  :  i-..    !:  V.  •.!..•:.,-..      r    •         :       -:•:•-,..    •  -.  .:     -    :  !!.;,:...<,          !   U  •    : 

"  We  hope  soon  to  see  the  work  introduced  Into  all  Catholic  Schools  in  the  British  Provinces, "and 
own  we  arc  pretty  certain  It  would  meet  with  a  circulation  similar  to  that 
wkfch  it  ha*  acquired  U  England  and  the  United  States."  Wic. 

"This  Mule  school-book,  compiled  by  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,  and  revised  by  M.  J.  Kerney.  Oils  a 
want  which  aa*  existed  too  lone.    The  importance  of  an  exact  history  of  the  princii  . 
In  the  Bible.  Is  one  which  all  will  acknowledge,  and  the  friends  of  Catholic  education  are  under  spe- 
cial obligations  to  Ike  compilers,  a*  also  to  ta*  reviser  and  publisher  of  this  work."  South.  JoumJ 

"  Of  the  merit*  of  the  book  itself,  it  would  be  superfluous  to  speak,  bat  we  may  observe  that  the 
labors  of  the  American  editor  bare  added  rery  oonsUcraWy  to  lu  valne."  M->  •  . 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  School  Books. 

KERNEY'S  MURRAY'S  GRAMMAR. 

An  Abridgment  of  Murray's  Grammar  and  Exercises,  designed  for 

the  use  of  Academies  and  Schools ;  with  an  Appendix,  containing  Rules  for  Writing 
with  Perspicuity  and  Accuracy :  also  a  Treatise  on  Epistolary  Composition.     By  M.  J. 

KERNEY,  A.  M. 18mo,  hf.  bd.      15 

This  Grammar  is  used  in  the  Public  Schools  of  Baltimore,  and  several  of  the  principal  schools 
and  academies  throughout  the  country. 

In  point  of  arrangement,  this  work  is  superior  to  any  other  Abridgment  of  Murray's  Grammar 
tfcut  has  yet  appeared  before  the  public.  It  combines  the  Grammar  and  Exercise,  by  adapting  Exer- 
cises to  every  chapter  and  section  throughout  the  work,  so  that  the  pupil  may  have,  at  every  stage 
of  his  progress,  a  practical  illustration  of  the  portion  under  his  immediate  study.  The  present 
edition  has  been  carefully  revised  by  the  author,  and  many  valuable  improvements  made  in  the 
work.  A  Treatise  ou  Epistolary  Composition  has  been  added,  containing  directions  for  writing 
Letters,  Notes,  Cards,  &c.,  with  a  variety  of  examples  of  the  same. 

EXTRACTS  FROM  NOTICES  OF  THE  PRESS. 

"  Mr.  Kcrney's  Abridgment  of  it  is  just  what  it  professes  to  be,  and  not  a  new  superstructure  upon 
an  old  foundation.  Those  who  think  Murray's  the  best  of  all  grammars,  therefore,  will  not  hesitate 
much  to  think  this  the  best  of  all  abridgments."  National  Intelligencer. 

"  This  abbreviation  of  the  large  and  unwieldy  volume  of  the  Patriarch  of  Grammarians  has  been 
effected  without  the  omission  of  any  important  matter,  and  is  presented  to  the  public  in  a  neat  and 
convenient  form.  It  must  find  favor  in  schools."  Baltimore  Patriot. 

"  We  most  cheerfully  recommend  this  Grammar  to  schools.'  St.  Louis  yews-Letter. 

"  This  is  an  excellent  abridgment  of  Murray,  long  a  favorite  in  schools.  Fred.  Examiner. 

"  On  a  cursory  examination,  it  appears  to  be  well  adapted  to  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  designed, 
and  worthy  to  be  extensively  introduced  into  schools  and  academies."  Baltimore  Clipper. 

"We  are  very  much  pleased  with  this  abridgment,  and  think  the  improvements  Mr.  Kerney  has 
made  admirably  calculated  to  accelerate  the  progress  of  the  learner,  and  to  lessen  the  labor  of  the 
teacher.  \V"e  feel  great  pleasure  in  commending  the  work  to  the  favorable  notice  and  patronage  of 
teachers  of  youth."  Odd  Fellows'  Mirror. 

"  This  popular  little  work  seems  to  contend  for  the  palm  of  usefulness  with  Mr.  Chandler's  grammar, 
which  we  noticed  a  few  months  ago.  The  Presentation  Brothers,  who  conduct  St.  Paul's  School  in 
this  city,  and  who  are  good  practical  judges,  as  well  as  excellent  teachers,  prefer  this  abridgment, 
especially  for  the  junior  classes."  Pittsburg  Catholic. 

"  This  little  work  appears  to  be  exceedingly  well  suited  to  the  use  of  the  scholar  who  is  about  enter- 
ing upon  the  study  of  the  English  language.  It  will,  no  doubt,  prove  an  aid  to  the  tutor,  and,  by 
its  simplicity  and  explanatory  style,  be  of  great  advantage  to  the  pupil."  Baltimore  American. 

"  The  general  arrangement  of  Murray's  Grammar  is  admitted  to  be  the  best  extant.  Mr.  Kerney 
has  presented  all  that  is  truly  valuable  in  any  abridgment  of  Murray's  that  we  have  seen,  and  has 
made  several  valuable  suggestions  to  instructors.  The  book  cannot  fail  to  meet  with  success  among 
intelligent  teachers."  Methodist  Protestant. 

"  We  take  particular  pleasure  in  recommending  this  abridgment  to  the  public.  The  notes  and  ob- 
servations taken  from  the  original  are  copious  and  well  selected.  In  point  of  arrangement,  it  is  su- 
perior to  any  other  abridgment  of  Murray's  Grammar.  Besides  embracing  in  a  narrow  compass  all 
that  is  important  or  essential  in  the  original  grammar  and  exercise,  this  abridgment  contains  in  its 
appendix  several  additional  matters  which  will  be  found  highly  interesting  and  useful  to  the 
loarner  ;  such  as  the  Art  of  Reasoning,  Oratory,  Elliptical  Phrases,  Popular  Latin  Phrases,  with  a 
literal  English  Translation."  U.  S.  Catholic  Magazine. 

MURRAY'S   GRAMMARS,  &C. 

Murray's  English  Grammar,  adapted  to  the  different  classes  of 

lep.rners,  with  an  APPE.VDIX,  containing  rules  ani  observations  for  assisting  the  more 
advanced  students  to  write  with  perspicuity  and  accuracy.  By  LINDLEY  MURRAY. 
12mo,  half  bound 20 

In  presenting  a  new  edition  of  Murray's  Grammar,  which  is  universally  considered  the  best  extant, 
•we  deem  it  sufficient  to  state,  that  the  present  edition  is  printed  from  an  entirely  new  set  of  plates, 
and  that  it  has  been  carefully  revised,  and  free  from  many  of  the  inaccuracies  and  blemishes  which 
are  to  be  found  in  other  editions,  printed  from  old  stereotype  plates.  This,  together  with  the  very 
low  price  affixed  to  it,  are  the  only  claims  urged  in  favor  of  this  edition. 

An  Abridgment  of  Murray's  English  Grammar,  with  an  APPENDIX, 

containing  Exercises,  in  Orthography,  in  Parsing,  in  Syntax,  and  in  Punctuation. 

Designed  for  the  younger  classes  of  learners 18mo,  half  bound      13 

This  little  Abridgment  contains,  in  a  compact  and  cheap  form,  a  brief  outline  of  the  elementary 

principles  of  grammar,  and  is  well  calculated  to  impart  to  children  the  rules  and  definitions  of  the 

study,  without  over-burdening  their  minds. 

Murray's  English  Reader 18mo    25 

GERMAN  SCHOOL  BOOKS. 

ABC  und  BuchstaMr  und  Lesebuch 13 

Katholisclier  Katechismus 19 

Biblische,  Geschichte  des  Alien  und  Ntutn  Testaments 26 

25 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  School  Books. 

ry,  designed  for  pupils  commencing 

By  M.  3.  KEKXKV,  A.  M.    Eighth  revised  edition .      25 

At  th«  earnest  request  of  mmn.r  who  used  the  author  s  Compendium  of  Ancient  and  Modern  History, 
he  compiled  the  mbore  work.    It  to  chiefly  designed  for  popiU  about  to  cuter  MI«.U  a  cour*. 
torleal  study.    In  the  arrangement  of  the  work,  and  in  the  general  matter  of  content*,  the  author 
has  pursued  that  coarse  which  his  long  experience  in  teaching  has  pointed  out  as  the  best  to  fmeili 


As  the  hiitonr  of  our  own  country  possesses  r  —  t"    '1  '  "     I  .  tr  tint  ftiTti  fee  history  of  the 
United  Bute*  first  In  the  order  of  arrangement.  M  that  it  mar  dm  claim  the  attention  of  the 
young.    This  fa  succeeded  by  an  interesting  account  of  the  mo*t  Important  events  it 
England.  France.  Ireland,  and  Italy,  together  with  an  interesting  view  of  the  Middle  Ages,  the 
Crusades,  and  Monastic  Institutions. 

The  work  is  embellished  with  a  number  of  Engravings,  and  has  questions  at  the  bottom  of  etch 
page  to  facilitate  the  labor  both  of  the  teacher  and  pupils.  V 

Iftstory  of  t/.  .Vrvr;  with  a  Chronological 

Table  of  American  History,  from  its  Discovery  i-  I      ll!u»tratcd 

with  Engraving*.   Rev***  a*d  enlargni  t  r      IS 

The  peeullar  merits  of  this  little  HUtory  are  to  be  found  in  the  accuracy  of  Its  details,  and  in  the 
adaptation  of  its  style  and  arrangement  to  the  capacity  of  that  class  of  learners  for  which  it  was 
iaHfB.nl  The  favor  it  has  been  received  with,  and  Its  extensive  circulation,  are  the  best  comments 
on  iu  merits—  nearly  15.000  copies  having  been  disposed  of  within  two  years.  The  present  edition 
hat  been  carefully  revised  and  enlarged  ;  and  In  order  to  reader  the  work  more  attractive,  a  num- 
ber of  appropriate  and  instructive  engravings  hare  been  Introduced.  These  Improvements  add 
much  la  Iu  merits,  and  render  it  flu-  superior  to  any  work  of  the  kind  now  before  the  public. 

in  onr  schools.    It  to  well  ar- 
t  be  too  highly  praised."  Detroit  Vindicator. 

-  This  little  work  li  well  eatertntod  to  give  the  learner  a  succinct  knowledge  of  the  leading  events  In 
the  history  of  the  American  Republic,  from  iu  first  discovery  down  to  the  present  vrar.  It  is  admi- 
rably adapted  for  the  use  of  schools."  Xlnti/oz  OrfAotfc. 

hum  of  Scriptwe  History,  compiled  by  the  Sisters  of  Mercy 

for  the  use  of  the  children  attending  their  schools.     Revised  and  corrected  bv  M.  J. 
KERXET.  A.  M.    Socood  American,  from  the  U  .  18mo,  hf.  cloth      50 

1  The  preface  to  this  work  Informs  ui  that  it  wan  orleinallv  compiled   for  the  use  of  the  pupils 
sliding  the  schools  of  the  Slaters  of  Mercy  In  the  city  of  Limerick.  Ireland.    It  has  been  rivGed 
Mr.  M.  J.  Kerney,  and  a  valuable  appendix  added,  containing  some  pages  of  extracts  from  the 
prophets,  with  the  evidence  from  the  New  Testament  of  the  fulfilment  of  the  p.  • 
placed  la  juxtaposition  with  the  prophetic  sentences.    It  Is  an  admirable  book  for  schools,  and  cal- 

.  .-.••••,.  I       .-•,..-«  •  .  .••.:.  I    •..••:,;•;..«'        ... 

years  of  desultory  and  mschs.io.1  •  Bible-reading.1  -  DMrott  Vindicator. 

••  This  excellent  work  to  now  used  in  nearly  all  Catholic  institutions  throughout  Knrland  and  Ire- 
land. and  has  also  acquired  an  extensive  circulation  throughout  the  neighboring  rf. 

The  object  of  the  Cetoohtoen,  according  to  the  preface  •  to  to  render  children  earlv  acquainted 

familiarise  them 


improved,  the  questions  to  the  answers  bring-  made 
easil    committed  to  memor.    An  aendix  has  also 


of  the  lives  of 

•    •;    •  -  •  •  \  .  :.,   -•-.   .    .••....    ...     .       •  ....,,-•.  •  ,.      ..,:.;    ... 

siderably  enlarged,  flies  the  dates  of  the  moat  remarkable  events  recorded  in  the  Sacred  Writings. 

"  We  hope  soon  to  sea  the  work  introduced  into  all  Catholic  Schools  in  the  British  Provinces,  and 
»er-  iu  merits  fully  known  w«  are  pretty  certain  It  would  meet  with  a  circulation  similar  to  that 
which  it  has  acquired  in  England  and  the  United  States."  Halifax  Catholic. 

"This  little  school-book,  compiled  by  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,  and  revised  by  M.  J.  Kerney,  fills  a 
want  which  has  existed  too  long.  The  importance  of  an  exact  history  of  the  principal  event's  related 
la  the  Bible,  to  one  which  all  will  acknowledge,  and  the  friends  of  Catholic  education  are  under  spe- 
cial obligations  to  the  compilers,  as  also  to  the  reviser  and  publisher  of  this  work."  South.  Journal/ 

"  Of  the  merits  of  the  book  Itself,  It  would  be  superfluous  to  speak,  but  we  may  observe  that  the 
labors  of  the  American  editor  have  added  very  considerably  to  iu  value."  Metropolitan. 

C7-  The  foregoing  works,  which  form  a  complete  series  of  School  Historic*,  the  publishers  are 
happy  to  state,  have  me*  with  very  liberal  patronage, 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  School  Books. 

KERNEY'S  MURRAY'S   GRAMMAR. 

An  Abridgment  of  Murray's  Grammar  and  Exercises,  designed  for 

the  use  of  Academies  and  Schools ;  with  an  Appendix,  containing  Rules  for  Writing 
with  Perspicuity  and  Accuracy  :  also  a  Treatise  on  Epistolary  Composition.     Bv  M.  J. 

KEUNEY,  A.  M 18mo,"hf.  bd.      15 

This  Grammar  is  used  in  the  Public  Schools  of  Baltimore,  and  several  of  the  principal  schools 
and  academies  throughout  the  country. 

In  point  of  arrangement,  this  work  is  superior  to  any  other  Abridgment  of  Murray's  Grammar 
tbat  has  yet  appeared  before  the  public.  It  combines  the  Grammar  and  Exercise,  by  adapting  Exer- 
cises to  every  chapter  and  section  throughout  the  work,  so  that  the  pupil  may  have,  at  every  stage 
of  his  progress,  a  practical  illustration  of  the  portion  under  his  immediate  study.  The  present 
edition  has  been  carefully  revised  by  the  author,  and  many  valuable  improvements  made  in  the 
work.  A  Treatise  on  Epistolary  Composition  has  been  added,  containing  directions  for  writing 
Letters,  Notes,  Cards,  &c.,  with  a  variety  of  examples  of  the  same. 

EXTRACTS  FROM  NOTICES  OF  THE  PRESS. 

"  Mr.  Kcrney's  Abridgment  of  it  is  just  what  it  professes  to  be,  and  not  a  new  superstructure  upon 
an  old  foundation.  Those  who  think  Murray's  the  best  of  all  grammars,  therefore,  will  not  hesitate 
much  to  think  this  the  best  of  all  abridgments."  National  Intelligencer. 

"  This  abbreviation  of  the  large  and  unwieldy  volume  of  the  Patriarch  of  Grammarians  has  been 
effected  without  the  omission  of  any  important  matter,  and  is  presented  to  the  public  in  a  neat  and 
convenient  form.  It  must  find  favor  in  schools."  Baltimore  Patriot. 

"  We  most  cheerfully  recommend  this  Grammar  to  schools.'  St.  Louis  yews-J.etter. 

"This  is  an  excellent  abridgment  of  Murray,  long  a  favorite  in  schools.  Fred.  Examiner. 

"  On  a  cursory  examination,  it  appears  to  be  well  adapted  to  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  designed, 
and  worthy  to  be  extensively  introduced  into  schools  and  academies."  Baltimore  Clipper. 

"'We  are  very  much  pleased  with  this  abridgment,  and  think  the  improvements  Mr.  Kerney  has 
made  admirably  calculated  to  accelerate  the  progress  of  the  learner,  and  to  lessen  the  labor  of  the 
teacher.  \\'e  feel  great  pleasure  in  commending  the  work  to  the  favorable  notice  and  patronage  of 
teachers  of  youth."  Odd  Fellows'  Mirror. 

"  This  popular  little  work  seems  to  contend  for  the  palm  of  usefulness  with  Mr.  Chandler's  grammar, 
which  we  noticed  a  few  months  ago.  The  Presentation  Brothers,  who  conduct  St.  Paul's  School  in 
this  city,  and  who  are  good  practical  judges,  as  well  as  excellent  teachers,  prefer  this  abridgment, 
especially  for  the  junior  classes."  Pittsburg  Catholic. 

"  This  little  work  appears  to  be  exceedingly  well  suited  to  the  use  of  the  scholar  who  is  about  enter- 
ing upon  the  study  of  the  English  language.  It  will,  no  doubt,  prove  an  aid  to  the  tutor,  and,  by 
its  simplicity  and  explanatory  style,  be  of  great  advantage  to  the  pupil."  Baltimore  American. 

"  The  general  arrangement  of  Murray's  Grammar  is  admitted  to  be  the  best  extant.  Mr.  Kerney 
has  presented  all  that  is  truly  valuable  in  any  abridgment  of  Murray's  that  we  have  seen,  and  has 
made  several  valuable  suggestions  to  instructors.  The  book  cannot  fail  to  meet  with  success  among 
intelligent  teachers."  Methodist  Protestant. 

"  We  take  particular  pleasure  in  recommending  this  abridgment  to  the  public.  The  notes  and  ob- 
servations taken  from  the  original  are  copious  and  well  selected.  In  point  of  arrangement,  it  is  su- 
perior to  any  other  abridgment  of  Murray's  Grammar.  Besides  embracing  in  a  narrow  compass  all 
that  is  important  or  essential  in  the  original  grammar  and  exercise,  this  abridgment  contains  in  its 
appendix  several  additional  matters  which  will  be  found  highly  interesting  and  useful  to  the 
Jo.arner  ;  such  as  the  Art  of  Reasoning,  Oratory,  Elliptical  Phrases,  Popular  Latin  Phrases,  with  a 
literal  English  Translation."  U.  S.  Catholic  Magazine. 

MURRAY'S   GRAMMARS,  &C. 

Murray's  English  Grammar,  adapted  to   the  different  classes  of 

learners,  with  an  APPENDIX,  containing  rules  ani  observations  for  assisting  the  more 
advanced  students  to  write  with  perspicuity  and  accuracy.  By  LINDLEY  MURRAY. 
12rao,  half  bound 20 

In  presenting  a  new  edition  of  Murray's  Grammar,  which  is  universally  considered  the  best  extant, 
•we  deem  it  sufficient  to  state,  that  the  present  edition  is  printed  from  an  entirely  new  set  of  plates, 
and  that  it  has  been  carefully  revised,  and  free  from  many  of  the  inaccuracies  and  blemishes  which 
are  to  be  found  in  other  editions,  printed  from  old  stereotype  plates.  This,  together  with  the  very 
low  price  affixed  to  it,  are  the  only  claims  urged  in  favor  of  this  edition. 

An  Abridgment  of  Murray's  English  Grammar,  with  an  APPENDIX, 

containing  Exercises,  in  Orthography,  in  Parsing,  in  Syntax,  and  in  Punctuation. 

Designed  for  the  younger  classes  of  learners 18mo,  half  bound      13 

This  little  Abridgment  contains,  in  a  compact  and  cheap  form,  a  brief  outline  of  th«  elementary 

principles  of  grammar,  and  is  well  calculated  to  impart  to  children  the  rules  and  definitions  of  the 

study,  without  over-burdening  their  minds. 

Murray's  English  Reader 18mo    25 

GERMAN  SCHOOL  BOOKS. 

ABC  und  BuclistaUr  und  Lesebuch 13 

Katholisclier  Katechismus 19 

Biblische  Geschichte  dcs  Alien  und  Ntuen  Fcstamentes 26 

25 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  School  Books. 

KERNE Y'S    ARITHMETICS. 
The  Columbian  Arithmetic,  designed  for  the  use  of  Academit 

.1.  KKR.MET,  A.M.     $ixth  improved  edition 


ThU  work  pos*es*e*  meriu  of  a  superior  nature  In  that  department  of  science  to  which  tt  belongs. 
It  is  a  book  of  practical  itutructi**  ;  one  in  which  the  science  of  figures  is  thoroughly  explained, 
a»d  clearly  elucidate*.  The  examples  for  practice  are  generally  such  as  the  pupil  will  meet  In  th« 
of  life.  The  arrangement  of  the  work  is  entirely  progressive,  all 


ng  solved  by  rule*  previously  explained. 

Introduction  to  the  Columbian  Arithmetic,  designed  for  the  use  of 
Academic*  and  Schools.     By  M.  J.  KERNEY,  A.  M.    Sixth  edition 1.1 

This  little  work  Is  designed  as  aa  introduction  to  the  former,  and  Is  Intended  for  children  about 
to  commence  the  study  of  Arithmetic.  The  first  principle*  of  the  science  are  familiarly  explained 
la  the  form  of  question  aad  answer,  aad  the  pupil*  an  conducted  In  the  study  as  far  as  the  end  of 
oompouad  numbers.  It  is  replete  with  practical  examples,  adapted  to  the  capacity  of  that  class  of 
for  which  It  to  designed,  aad  It  aUo  contains  all  the  Tahiti. 
ling  public  attention  to  the  foregoing  work*,  the  publishers  take  gnat  pleasure  In  .toting 


that  they  hare  already  passed  through  several  large  editions,  which  is  the  met  concluiive  evidence 
of  the  high  estimation  in  which  they  are  held  by  the  Instructors  of  youth,  as  far  as  they  are  known. 
The  iresse*  editioas  have  been  carefully  revised  and  corrected  by  the  author,  and  no  pains  will  be 
spared  to  reader  them,  at  all  times,  aeeoMlni  of  the  high  reputation  they  have  already  acquired. 

many  teachers  In  favor  of  old 


r«..  November  18th,  1M9. 

Aa  OTamlatHoa  of  the  ••  Colambiaa  Arithmetic."  by  M.  J .  Kerney.  has  convinced  ns  of  it-  .tiling 
,  aad  we  shall  accordingly  make  arrangemmu  tor  lU  immediate  introduction  Into  our  school, 


lain,  sufficiently  ooacice.  aad  x*U  adapted  to  the  comprehension  of  vouu 
of  the  theory  of  Proportion  is  simple,  perspicuous,  and  accurate.  We  I 
oks  late  oar  school.  J  «  •  II  .s  SLATTKRY,  Principal  Washington  S 


L.  WHITTLESEY  *  SON. 

I  hare  examlaed  the  "  ColambUa  Arithmetic."  and  "  Introduction"  to  it,  by  M.  J.  Kerney,  and 
eeasMer  them  exeelleat  hooka  ;  they  an  Judiciously  arranged,  and  practical  in  their  application. 
The  rales  an  plain,  sufficiently  ooacice.  aad  x*U  adapted  to  the  comprehension  of  vouug  persons. 

us,  and  accurate.    We  Intend  to  in- 
Principal  Washington  Seminary. 

I  have  examlaed  with  much  can  the  "  Columbian  Arithmetic."  by  M.  J.  Kerney.  It  appears  to 
me  to  be  a  work  of  considerable  merit,  and  I*  letter  calculated  fur  schools  of  lh«  United  State*,  and 
for  eoantiag-honsea,  thaa  aay  other  book  oa  the  subject  that  I  have  yet  seen.  The  general  ar> 
rangemeat  is  systematic,  aad  aceordiag  to  the  affinities  of  different  rales.  Under  the  Impression 
that  It  is  aa  Improvement  Mpoa  every  other  work  of  th.  kind  now  befon  the  public,  I  will  Immedi- 

»•    .       ,::.:.:.-  1.  .:.  •-.-.-.<  :i:  ;  r.  .       :    ,        .  ......  ,  r,    ;    q  :;.. 

ITMAUfto*.  SOT.  1.1.  8.  B.  RITTEXHOU8K.  Principal  Washington  Institute. 

As  aa  evidence  of  the  Ugh  opsatoa  I  eaterteia  of  the  ••  Columbian  Arithmetic.-  I  h«re  superseded 
the  aeeof  /tarfof,  by  its  immeiHele  introduction. 

The  "  Introduction  to  the  Columbian  Arithmetic"  Is  so  admirably  adapted  to  Its  purpose,  that 
we  have  introduced  It  In  the  place  of  others  la  thl«  seminary.  •.!.,  over  one  hundred. 

McLetxft  5sm  faery,  Wa»M*gt<m.        J.  O.  WILSON.  L.  II.  CHURCHILL,  Associate  Principal*. 

I  have  examined  the  Arithmetics  by  If.  J.  Kerney,  aad  unhesitatingly  give  them  the  preference 
•ver  all  the  various  works  of  the  kiad  which  I  have  met  with.  Mrs.  /.  McLKOD,  Select  School. 

I  believe  that  the  Columbian  series  of  Arithmetics,  by  M.  J.  Kerney.  better  calculated  to  assist 
the  pupfl  la  that  branch  of  science,  thaa  any  other.  A.  W.  HALL,  Alexandria,  Fa. 

papas  generally,  than  aay  others  I  have^examined.  RICHARD  L.  CARXE,  J 

0k.  "  " 


m   I  •'••-       •  "  M  '      '  -   .      :• 
,,  November 


I  with  the  Arithmetics  by  M.  3.  Kerney,  and  shall  Introduce  them  la  my  school, 
'  to  facilitate  the  progress  of  the  pupil  in  that  branch  of 

•  Uth.  IS49.  3.  R.  COMPTON. 

I  have  examined  Kerney's  "  Columbian  Arithmetic,"  and  I  consider  it  snch  a  one  as  has  been 
much  wanted  in  schools.  I  decidedly  prefer  it  to  any  heretofore  used,  and  shall  Introduce  it  into 
my  school.  M.  B.  8HYXE,  Nary  Yard  Academy,  WatMngten. 

I  have  examined  the  "  Introduction  to  the  Columbian  Arithmetic,"  by  M.  J.  Krniev,  and  have 
adopted  tt  la  preference  to  others.  I  shall  also  use  the  -  Columbian  Arithmetic"  in  my  more  ad- 
vaaced  classes.  Boarding  aad  Day  School  of  the  MU.es  HAWLE  Y,  Watkingion,  D.  C. 

I  hare  examined,  as  far  as  my  leisure  would  permit,  the  "  Columbian  Arithmetic,"  and  am  much 
•isissil  with  many  feature*  of  the  work.  I  have  introduced  it  Into  my  school. 

HESBY  E.  WOUDBUBY,  Principal  Washington  Select  School. 

H 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  School  Books. 

FREDET'S    UNIVERSAL    HISTORIES,  &c. 

The  distinguished  aud  wide-spread  reputation  of  the  author  as  an  historian  and  Professor  of 
History  in  St.  Mary's  College  for  the  last  twenty  years ;— the  universal  favor  with  which  these  works 
have  been  received,  and  their  immediate  introduction  into  many  of  the  principal  literary  institu- 
tions in  the  United  States,  precludes  the  necessity  of  giving  many  of  the  numerous  complimentary 
and  nattering  testimonials  that  have  been  so  freely  extended  to  them,  both  in  this  country,  aud  in 
England,  where  they  are  extensively  used. 

(£7°  Prof.  Fredet's  Histories  have  been  adopted  as  Text-Books  in  the  Irish  University. 
Ancient  History :  from  the  dispersion  of  the'  Sons  of  Noe,  to  the  Battle  of  Ac- 
tium.  and  the  change  of  the  Roman  Republic  into  an  Empire.    By  PETER  FREDET, 
D  D    Professor  of  History  in  St.  Mary's  College,  Baltimore.    Fourth  edition,  care- 
fully revised  and  enlarged 12mo      88 

Modern  History :  from  the  coming  of  Christ,  and  the  change  of  the  Roman  Re- 
public into  an  Empire,  to  the  year  of  our  Lord,  1354.  By  PETER  FREDET,  D.  D., 
Professor  of 'History  in  St.  Mary's  College,  Baltimore.  Tenth  enlarged  and  improved 

edition 12mo.      88 

New  and  Improved  Editions,  carefully  revised  and  corrected  by  the  Author. 
These  two  volumes  for  a  COMPLETE  COURSE  OF  HISTORY,  or  a  continuous  chain  of 
Historical  Events,  from  the  CREATION  OF  THE  WORLD  TO  THE  YEAR  1854. 

The  publishers  are  happy  to  announce  that  they  have  just  issued  new,  enlarged,  and  improved 
editions  of  the  above  works,  in  uniform  style.  Each  volume  contains  upwards  of  five  hundred  pages, 
and  may  justly  be  considered  the  cheapest,  most  authentic,  and  reliable  histories  published. 

The  London  Catholic  Standard  says :  "  These  two  excellent  manuals  of  history  have  a  wide  and 
increasing  circulation  in  America,  and  are  everywhere  held  in  the  highest  esteem.  The  compiler, 
Dr.  Fredet,  has  achieved  a  task  of  no  ordinary  difficulty,  in  compressing  so  much  recondite  matter  in- 
to so  small  a  space  ;  in  leaving  untold  nothing  that  was  of  note  of  the  immense  and  varied  aunala 
of  the  world.  No  college,  school,  or  library  ought  to  be  without  these  excellent  works." 

The  DuWn  Telegraph  says :  "  Fredet's  Histories  have  been  adopted,  as  a  class-book,  by  the  Irish 
Catholic  University;  and  we  entertain  no  doubt,  that  they  will  soon  supersede,  even  in  other  estab- 
lishments, those  miserable  compilations  >vhich  wilful  perverters  of  truth  have  long  palmed  upon  the 
public— both  Catholic  and  Protestant— as  histories  and  abridgments  of  histories." 

The  Dublin  Tablet  says  :  "  These  two  volumes  are  plain,  copious,  and  useful  summaries  of  history, 
and  the  number  of  editions  through  which  they  have  passed  attest  their  popularity." 

The  Catholic  Instructor  says  :  "  We  hope  these  Histories  will  soon  find  their  way  into  every  literary 
institution  among  us,  in  order  that  the  young  may  learn  the  past  from  pure  aud  uucorrupted  sources." 
The  Catholic  Sentinel  says  :  "  These  beautiful  treatises  are  quite  deserving  of  the  patronage  which 
they  obtain.  They  are  most  commendable  for  their  Christian  and  unbiassed  spirit.  And  we  are  not 
astonished  that  Dr.  Fredet  has  his  name  taken  up  by  the  Irish  University,  proud  that  America  has 
made  therein  such  an  inroad  upon  the  abridged  histories  heretofore  existing." 

The  Metropolitan  says :  "  The  style  is  veritably  charming  by  its  simplicity,  and  by  the  quiet  love  of 
his  subject  which  the  reverend  author  constantly  displays.  It  is  the  language  of  a  talented  and  suc- 
cessful teacher,  who  relates  to  his  class  the  great  events  of  time,  succinctly  but  graphically,  without 
bombast,  yet  in  a  lively  and  picturesque  manner.  It  is  thus  that  history  should  be  written  for  youth." 

L.ingard'8  England  Abridged,  for  the  Use  of  Schools. 

An  Abridgment  of  the  History  of  England.  By  JOHN  LINGARD,  D.D.  With  a  con- 
tinuation from  1688  to  the  reign  of  Queen  Victoria,  by  JAMES  BURKE,  Esq.,  A.B. 
With  Marginal  Notes,  adapted  to  the  use  of  schools  in  the  United  States,  by  M.  J. 

KERNEY,  A.  M 12mo,  half  arabesque  1  00 

An  abridgment  of  Dr.  Lingard's  great  work,  adapted  to  the  use  of  schools,  has  been  long  and 
anxiously  looked  for  in  this  country.  The  publishers  take  great  pleasure  in  inviting  the  earnest  at- 
tention of  the  conductors  of  schools,  and  others  interested  in  the  cause  of  education,  to  this  edition. 
Although  Lingard's  England  has  been  nearly  half  a  century  before  the  public,  not  one  fact  stated 
by  him  has  been  proved  to  be  erroneous,  while  the  critics  of  all  creeds  have  joined  in  expressing 
their  approbation  of  his  great  work.  In  style  without  a  superior,  in  truthfulness  without  an  equal, 
Lingard  stands  before  the  historic  student  as  the  model  of  what  an  historian  should  be.  Having  thus 
spoken  of  the  style  of  Lingard,  it  is  right  to  add  that  the  student  will  find  that  the  ipsissima  verbaof 
the  great  Catholic  historian  of  England  have  been  religiously  preserved  in  the  Abridgment.  Of  the 
continuation  we  shall  merely  say  that  it  has  been  written  by  an  author  who  has  been  long  and  fa- 
vorably known  in  literature.  The  publishers  therefore  feel  confident  that  Mr.  Burke  will  be  found 
to  have  written  in  strict  accordance  with  the  spirit  which  dictated  the  great  work  of  the  historian 
•whose  pages  he  has  followed.  The  sketch  or  the  British  Constitution,  the  abstract  of  the  geography 
of  England  in  Saxon  times,  the  list  of  eminent  natives,  and  the  marginal  notes,  will  add  much  to 
the  interest  of  the  work,  and  will  be  found  useful  by  way  of  reference. 

McSherry's  History  of  Maryland,  with  QUESTIONS,  &c 75 

This  work  is  used  in  the  Public  Schools  of  Baltimore,  and  is  strongly  recommended  by  the  Com- 


27 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  School  Books. 

nm  is  OF  sniiini.  minuses,  IN  i\\m\:  PARTS, 

Revised  by  M.  J.  Kerney,  A.  M. 

T««  long-established  reputation  M*,  and  the  very  extensive  circula- 

tion which  they  have  had.  not  oaly  in  England,  but  also  in  :  .  their 

utility.    The  plan  of  his  works  is  the  very  best  that  could  be  adopted.     The  cat 
of  instruction  is  now  admitted  by  the  most  experienced  teachers,  to  be  the  best  adapted  to 
the  nature  aad  capacity  of  youth ;— a  system  by  which  children  will  acquire  a  knowledge  of 
a  science  ia  ices  time  than  by  aay  oti. 

Murphy  *  Co..  having  become  the  publishers  of  this  standard  and  highly  popular  series  of  Cate- 
chisms, wish  to  inform  the  public  that  they  have  Issued  entirely  new  editions,  with  all  new  disco- 
veries and  modern  improvements  la  each  branch,  under  the  careful  supervision  of  M .  J.  K  . 
Esq..  who  has  prepared  for  the  series  a  CATECHISM  OF  THE  HISTORY  OK 
HTATKS— an  entirely  new  work. 

flU/oUOMMff  rvn.tituU  the  Strie*  : 
Agronomy:  containing  the  Motions,  MM.  i  -ds,  Distances,  and 

•he  Heavenly  Bodies,  foaaded  on  the  laws  of  Gravitation.     With  en- 
graved Illustrations 13 

This  little  volume  poosesses  the  peculiar  merit  of  reducing  to  the  comprehension  of  children  the 
r-.  ;•••••'  i  :•'  •  .-•••-•  •:•...•.•  •  .  we.  II  explains  tl  ••  -  lar 
system,  the  courses  aad  the  revolutions  of  the  planets,  eclipses,  the  theory  of  tide*,  and  many  other 

•  Description  of  tbe  mort  familiar  and  interesting  ) 
„  to  the  Lianvaa  System,  with  an  ArrE.xoix  on  the  form 
aa  Herbarium.    With  eagraved  Illustrations  .  .  .  .13 

This  popular  little  work  U  Intended  for  children  who  are  about  to  enter  on  tbe  study  of  the  In- 
teresting science  of  Botany.  .The  plan  of  the  work  Is  admirably  adapted  to  that  class  of  learners 
for  which  It  Is  designed.  It  presents  to  the  mind  of  the  pupil.  In  an  easy  an<1  attractive  style,  the 
various  beauties  of  the  science,  aad  the  many  advantages  to  be  derived  from  i:  - 

Practical  Chemitlry:  being  a  Familiar  1 

—with  aa  ArrESDtx,  containing  many  safe,  easy,  and  pleasing  Experiments.     With 
eagraved  Illustrations  .  .  13 

oa  the  study  orOiomN- 

trestiag  *••    ' 

I  the  young,  U  will  be  found  to  contain  lessons  that  may  be  read  with 

by  the  more  advanced  ia  years. 

MytMogy:  being  a  Compendious  History  of  tl.  Mesws,  and 

Heroes;  designed  chiefly  as  an   Introduction  to  t!.-    Mudv  ••{  i.ssics. 

.  engraved  n lustrations IS 

To  the  Kagiisa  scholar  this  work  will  prove  highly  interesting;  but  to  tbe  classical  si 
will  be  found  a  mo.t  desirable  compendium.     It  embraees  all  that  Is  interesting  or  ini|>ortant  In  the 
subject  of  which  It  treats ;  while,  at  the  same  time,  the  brevity  and  clearnes*  of  Its  style  render  it 
preferable  to  other  works  of  the  same  kind  which  are  of  much  greater  dtuer,- 


.     .... 

.    : 


nphy:  containing  an  Account  of  the  Lire*  of  the  most 
oag  UM  Ancteat  Greeks  aad  Romans.    With  eagraved  Illustrations 
student,  la  particular,  the  above  named  work  will  be  found  to  possess  peculiar 
U  compass,  the  most  interesting  events  in  the  lives  of  those  whose 
•  the  historic  pages  of  Greece  and  Rome. 
Oittory  of  Lhf  Unit-d  StaUt:  with  •  Chronological  Table  of  American  History, 

from  its  discovery  ia  1490,  to  the  year  1854 .  .      13 

This  valuable  little  work  comprises  within  a  small  compass  all  the  most  important  and  Interest- 
bat  events  ia  the  history  of  the  Unlu-d  State*,  from  the  dlsooverv  of  America  to  the  present  time. 
The  arrangement  aad  style  are  admirably  adapted  to  the  capacity  of  children  about  to  commence 
the  study  of  history.  It  Is  seAdcaUy  eomumheaslvt  for  that  class  of  Warners  for  which  It  U  de- 


signed.  *  From  its  instructive  page*  the  child  will  learn  to  revere  the  names  and  imitate  the  actions 
of  those  illustrious  men  of  America  who  have  gone  before  us  ia  the  path  of  usefulness  and  of  fame. 

Orteian  History,  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  tbe  Period  when  Greece  became  a 
Roman  Province.  With  engraved  Illustrations 13 

Roman  History:  containing  a  concise  Account  of  the  moxt  Striking  Kv.-nt.-.  fr>m 
the  Foundation  of  the  City  to  the  Fall  of  the  Western  Empire.  With  engraved 

These  two  works  contain  all  the  most    Important    and    interesting  event.  In  the  history    of 
Oreece  aad  Rome.    As  introductory  worts,  to  be  placed  In  the  handinf  children,  they  will  be.  found 
to  possess  peculiar  merits.    The  arrangement  aad  style  are  happily  adapted  to  tbat  class  of  learners 
for  which  they  are  designed. 
(MtcMtm  of  Sacrtd  Hittnry :  Abridged  for  tbe  am  of  Schools,  translate!  from  tbe 

French,  by  a  Friend  of  Youth :  designed  to  accompany  Irving'*  Series  of  Catechisms      IS 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  School  Books. 

Hisfrtry  c>f  Ent;l«iitl:  containing  the  most  Striking  Events  from  the  Earliest  Pe- 
riod to  the  Present  Time 13 

This  work  comprises,  in  a  few  pages,  the  most  important  events  in  the  history  of  England,  from 
a  period  prior  to  the  invasion  of   the  Romans  to  the   present  time.     The  present  edition  has  been 
carefully  revised  and  corrected  ;  everything  reflecting  on  the  American  character  has  been  erased, 
and  every  thing  of  a  sectarian  nature  has  been  removed. 
Jewish  Antiquities:   containing  an  Account  of  the  Classes,  Institutions,  Rites, 

Ceremonies,  Manners,  Customs,  &c.,  of  the  Ancient  Jews.   With  engraved  Illustrations      13 
Grecian  Antiquities:   being  an  Account  of  the  Religion,  Government,  Judicial 
Proceedings,  Military  and  Naval  Affairs,  Dress,  Food,  Baths,  Exercises,  Marriages, 
Funerals,  Coins,  Weights,  Measures,  &c.,  of  the  Greeks — to  which  is  prefixed  a  De- 
scription of  the  Cities  of  Athens  and  Sparta.    With  engraved  Illustrations 13 

Roman  Antiquities;  or,  An  Account  of  the  Religion.  Civil  Government,  Military 
and  Naval  Affairs,  Games,  Names,  Coins,  Weights  and  Measures,  Dress,  Food,  Exer- 
cises, Baths,  Domestic  Employments,  Marriages,  Funerals,  and  other  Customs  and 
Ceremonies  of  the  Roman  People ;  with  a  Description  of  the  Public  Buildings  of  the 

city  of  Rome.    With  engraved  Illustrations 13 

The  above  works  are  highly  interesting  in  themselves,  and  may  be  read  with  pleasure  and  profit 
by  every  member  of  the  community.  But  for  the  classical  student  they  possess  particular  attrac- 
tions. For  his  benefit  they  were  chiefly  intended,  and  years  of  experience  prove  that  they  are  pe- 
culiarly adapted  to  the  end  for  which  they  were  designed.  A  familiarity  with  the  laws,  manners, 
and  customs  of  the  ancient  nations  will  often  render  clear  and  explicit  the  most  obscure  passages, 
BO  frequently  met  with  in  the  authors  of  antiquity. 

CLASSICAL    BOOKS,  &c. 

I.\  calling  attention  to  the  following  Works,  it  is  deemed  it  sufficient  to  state,  that  the  pre- 
sent editions  have  been  issued  under  the  careful  supervision  of  the  eminent  Professors  of 
St.  Mary's  College,  Baltimore,  and  may  justly  be  considered  the  best  and  cheapest  editions 
published. 
Epitome  Historice  Facrcs  Auctore,  L'homoncl,   edito  Nova  Proscdice.  signes  vo- 

cumque  interpretatione  adornata 30 

As  an  elementary  work,  Historite  Sacra;  is  beyond  exceptions.  The  easy  arrangements  of  its 
style  in  the  beginning,  and  the  gradual  introduction  of  the  Latin  construction,  relieve  the  pupil  of 
much  embarrassment  and  labor,  and  tend  in  a  material  degree  to  facilitate  his  advancement. 

This  possesses  advantages  over  any  previous  edition.  The  vocabulary  has  been  carefully  revised, 
and  the  work  has  received  such  improvements  as  greatly  enhance  its  merits. 

Phceilri  Auguxti  Liberti  1'abularum  TFsopium.    Libri  Quinque 30 

A  new  edition,  carefully  revised  and  greatly  improved. 

This  little  work  has  long  been  held  in  high  estimation  in  our  colleges  and  schools.  The  many 
moral  and  interesting  lessons  it  contains  render  it  a  text-book  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  young;  and, 
indeed,  no  work  could  be  better  designed  to  initiate  the  pupil  into  the  study  of  Latin  poetry. 

De,  Viris  lEustribus  Urlsis  Rcmice,.  A  Romulp  ad  Augustum,  Auctore  L'homond, 
in  Universitate,  Puriaiensi  Profe.ssore  Emerito 38 

This  work  possesses  the  rare  quality  of  being  admirably  adapted  to  the  capacity  of  those  com- 
mencing the  study  of  the  Latin  language,  without  deviating  from  the  purity  of  the  Latin  style. 
The  materials  of  which  it  is  compiled  are  most  interesting  and  instructive  in  their  nature,  thus 
affording  the  pupil  the  double  advantage  of  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  the  Latin  tongue,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  of  storing  his  mind  with  historical  facts. 

This  edition  has  been  lately  revised,  and  put  into  a  neat,  convenient  form.  These  improvements, 
it  is  believed,  will  add  to  its  merits,  and  will  tend  to  advance  the  pupil  in  his  study. 

Fables  Choisies  de  la  Fontaine,  Nouvelle  Edition 63 

Few  works  have  elicited  more  general  admiration,  or  have  been  more  generally  used  in  schools, 
than  the  Fables  of  La  Fontaine.     For  the  pupil  engaged  in  the  study  of  the   French  language  they 
possess  peculiar  advantages.    Many  beautiful  and  moral  lessons  are  inculcated  in  a  style  at  once 
easy  and  attractive,  while,  at  the  same  time,  a  taste  for  poetical  composition  is  cultivated. 
This  edition  has  been  carefully  revised,  and  contains  much  desirable  improvement. 

Ruddimari's  Rudiments  of  the  Latin  Tongue, ;  or  a  Plain  and  Easy  Introduction 
to  Latin  Grammar:  wherein  the  principles  of  the  language  are  methodically  digested, 
both  in  the  English  and  Latin.  With  useful  Notes  and  Observations.  Thirtieth  Edi- 
tion, Corrected  and  Improved.  By  WM.  MANN,  M.  A 12mo,  half  arab.  33 

The  cheapest  and  best  Latin  grammar  published. 

Elementos  de  Sicologio,  Elements  of  Pyschology  .....' 75 

Pizarro's  Dialogues.  Select  Original  Dialogues,  or  Spanish  and  English  Conver- 
sations :  followed  by  a  collection  of  pieces  in  prose  and  verse — adapted  to  the 
use  of  Spanish  classes  in  schools  and  academies.  By  J.  A.  PIZARRO,  Professor 
of  the  Spanish  Language  in  St.  Mary's  College,  Baltimore.  Third  edition,  im- 
proved and  enlarged  by  the  author 12mo  75 

This  new  edition  of  a  very  popular  work,  by  one  of  the  most  distinguished  instructors  in  the 
eountrv,  is  greatly  improved,  and  particularly  adapted  to  the  present  style  of  teaching  and  self-im- 
provement. The  prior  editions  have  become'established  as  standard  in  some  of  the  best  institutions 
In  the  United  States,  and  the  present  doubles  its  advantages. 

3*  29 


Murphy  &  Co.'s  Standard  School  Books. 

SB  STINTS    ALGEBRA. 

Eltmentary  Algebra.      By  I',.   SK-MM.  S.  .1..  author  of  Analytical 
Geometry,  Professor  of  Natural  rhilusophy  and  Astronomy  in  Georgetown 

College VJino      60 

The  main  object  of  this  treatise  Is  to  reader  the  science  of  Algebra  intelligible  to  pupils  whoM 
Binds  are  yet  unaccustomed  to  such  studies.  The  beginner  will  here  be  furnished  with  such  proofs 
as  are  salted  to  his  capacity  ;  examples  will  afford  new  light  to  what  might  be  otherwise  obscure  ; 
with  regard  to  the  operations  founded  on  higher  principles,  he  will,  for  the  present,  content  himself 
with  merely  practical  rules,  exemplified  in  the  same  manner.  With  a  mind  thus  gradually  led  on  to 
n.  he  may  then  resume  his  course  with  profit,  by  the  aid  of  a  i 


now  in  preparation,  which  U  intended  as  a  sequel  to  this,  and,  by  more  exact  and  thorough  investi- 
gation, complete  his  study  of  Algebra. 

BRIEF  EXTRACTS  FROM   NOTICES   OF  THE   V 

"  This  work  recommends  itself  to  faror  by  the  admirable  order  of  its  parts,  and  the  condseaeM  an4 
BJ»arnss»  with  which  its  principles  are  expounded.  One  needs  but  open  the  book  to  perceive  that 
the  author  has  brought  to  the  execution  of  his  tank  a  ripened  judgment  and  well-tried  experience. 


He  U  not  a  cosipiler-his  work  ha*  the  rare  merit  of  originality,  and  every  student  of  Algebra  will 
thank  him  for  having  given  in  a  few  page*  what  has  usually  occupied  a  large  volume,  and  for  bar- 
lag  rendered  Intelligible  what  has  often  proved  an  enigma  to  many."  Metropolitan. 

"  This  book  night  very  properly  be  called  "  Algebra  without  a  master."  One  very  important  im- 
provement that  the  author  has  made  upon  all  our  text-book*,  and  which  deserves  to  be  mentioned,  U 
this,  that  h-  keeps  monomials  and  polynomials  <*i«M%«,  and  explains  and  applies  to  them  separately 
the  various  rules  as  laid  down  In  his  Algebra.  The  work  only  wants  to  be  known,  in  order  to  be 
universally  approved."  Wattrn  Tablet. 

"  We  feel  moch  pleasure  IB  recommending  U  as  containing  nearly  all  neoeasary  to  be  known  on 
the  subject  of  which  It  treats.  It  is  eminently  adapted  for  the  use  of  young  person*  who  wish  to  ac- 
quire a  knowledge  of  the  difflcoll  science  of  Algebra.  • 

erfully  recommend  Mr.  Sentlnl's  work,  as 
r*  have  to  overcome  in  their  first  attempt* 

Pitub«rg  Catkolic. 

l  book  It  wfll  be  found  eminently  useful  in  schools  and  colleges."  Da.  Vindicator. 
r  is  well  known  as  a  man  of  great  ability,  and  his  work  cannot  fail  to  be  of  good  ser- 

8ESTIM  •<    ANALYTICAL  r,K"MI.TKY. 

'««  of  Analytical  Geometry,  proposed  by  B.  SKSTINI,  S.  JM 
author  of  Elementary  Algebra,  Profesaor  of  Natural  Philosophy  and  Astro- 
Doo.y  to  Georgetown  College  ......................................................  8vo,  paper    1  26 

under  consideration  by  a  purely 
who  do 


and  U  well  adapted  to  the  modern  plan  embraced  by  learned  professors, 
bat  dlv. 

The  new  treatise  U  aa  aeq«M- 

,.„.-..;        •        •: 
esteemed   in  Paris  for  his  scientific 


M«4lm-itMlrwMl««f«SMi^Umas^ysls,aa4iMk*dMalysia. 

-.          -  -        •    •         .,•..:...•..••:•.••:..•  : 

method  t  of  the  Baron  Caochy  .  a  savant  well  known,  and  highly  est 


new  treatise  ls  Intended  for  the  ase  of  Georgetown  College,  we  are  inclined 
to  form  a  very  favorable  opinion  of  the  proficiency  of  the  student*  in  the 
f  n.r.smittn..  and  U  U  a  subject  ea  which  we  congratulate  the  teacher. 


from  this 

congratulate 


tO-  3-  Mr-RFHT  t  CO.  have  the  pleasure  to  announce,  that  in  addition  to  their  own  list 
of  School  Books,  their  arrangements  with  the  principal  publishers  are  such  as  to  receive 
ALL  NEW  'WORKS  ox  EDUCATION  as  soon  as  issued — and  to  keep  a  Isrge  stock  constantly 
on  hand,  which  enables  them  to  supply  orders  with  the  least  possible  delay. 

SCHOOL  AND  CLASSICAL  BOOKS.  PAPER,  STATIONERY,  Ac.  A  large  stock, 
comprising  every  variety,  constantly  on  hand. 

FRENCH  SCHOOL  BOOKS.— The  latest  and  best  editions  of  French  School  Books,  con- 
stantly on  hand— or  imported  to  order  at  short  notice. 

Iff  ORDERS  are  respectfully  solicited— to  which  they  pledge  themselves  to  give  the  same 
careful  and  prompt  attention  as  if  selected  in  person. 

Particular  attention  given  to  the  packing  and  shipment  of  orders  to  distant  point*. 
J.  MTJBFHT  4  CO.,  PUBUSHKRS,  178  Mark*  Street,  Baltimore. 


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